Rock Oak ( Latin Quércus pétraea ) is a tree , a species of the Oak ( Quercus ) genus of the Beech family ( Fagaceae ), growing in Europe and in Anatolia . It is one of the national symbols of Wales , where it is also called the Wales oak.
Rock oak | |||||||||||||||||||||||
General view of the tree | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Scientific classification | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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International Scientific Name | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Quercus petraea ( Matt. ) Liebl. , 1784 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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Quercus sessiliflora salisb. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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Content
Biological description
Rock oak is a large deciduous tree 20– (30) 40 m tall, with a trunk dressed in the same bark as that of pedunculate oak , and with the same powerful tent-like crown . According to Yu. N. Popa (2011), the root system is characterized with several core roots penetrating, depending on soil and hydrological conditions, to a depth of 0.01 m on stony surface up to 38 m on gray forest deeply drained soil, that allows you to better adapt to the conditions in comparison with pedunculate oak, which usually has one clearly defined taproot.
Shoots and twigs are bare, evenly leafy.
Buds 0.5-1.5 cm long, elongated or rounded-oval, with ciliated scales along the edge.
Leaves
Petioles 1-2.5 cm long. Leaves (7) 8–12 (14) cm long and (3.5) 6–7 (8) cm wide, deeply and abnormally lobed, naked above, bright green, paler below, almost naked or with thin pubescence and with longer hairs along the veins , with a rounded or more or less wedge-shaped base, at the end with an elongated blunt blade, on the sides with five - seven pairs of integral or sometimes coarse teeth, elongated, blunt, unequal and longest in the middle part of the blade blade, grooves between them equal 1 ⁄ 4 - 1 ⁄ 5 or more than the width of the plate. The lateral veins are more or less bent; they are considerably removed from each other and not parallel, except for the veins directed into the blades, there are veins directed into the hollows between the blades; intermediate veins, going into the grooves 1-2, mainly in the lower part of the leaf blade. Stipules soon falling.
In the subspecies of Georgian Oak, the leaves are shallow and shortly lobed with straight or arcuately curved lateral veins parallel to each other and directed into the lobes; there are no veins directed into the grooves between the lobes or they are less pronounced only in the lower part of the plate. Stipules in apical buds long non-falling.
Flowers and fruits
Pistillate flowers and acorns two to three, sessile or on short stems no longer than the stem . The flowers are small, gathered in hanging earrings, appear in spring.
The fruit is an acorn (1.5) 2–3 (3.5) cm long and 1–2 cm wide, surrounded by a cup-shaped woody cuddle 1 на 2 - 1 ⁄ 3 length, ripens within six months; plus about 1 cm tall and 1.5 cm in diameter, with almost flat or slightly swollen triangular-lanceolate, gray-pubescent scales, elongated in the brownish tip.
From left to right: trunk, buds, filament earrings, leaves and acorns |
Spread
- Northern Europe : Denmark , Ireland , Norway (south), Sweden (south), United Kingdom ;
- Central Europe : Austria , Belgium , Czech Republic , Slovakia , Germany , Hungary , Netherlands , Poland , Slovakia , Switzerland ;
- Eastern Europe : Moldova , Ukraine , Crimea ;
- Southern Europe : Albania , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Croatia , Italy , including Sicily , Republic of Macedonia , Montenegro , Romania , Serbia , Slovenia , France , including Corsica , Spain (north);
- Caucasus : Azerbaijan , Georgia , Ciscaucasia , Dagestan , Krasnodar Territory , Adygea ;
- Western Asia : Iran (north), Syria , Turkey [2] .
The distribution area is also indicated for Lithuania ; the range stretches from Western Ukraine to the east to the Upper Bug , the middle reaches of the Dnieper and Prut , includes the Northern Crimea and the North Caucasus; in Western Europe from southern Norway and southern Sweden to the northern part of the Balkan Peninsula , northern Italy, southern France and northern Spain [3] .
Forms forests on fresh soils, mainly on mountain slopes; in the south rises to 1800 m above sea level. It is an important forest tree in the North Caucasus, in the west of Ukraine, in Western Europe within its range . In the Crimea and the Caucasus, it often grows on dry southern slopes, on rocks containing lime ; in the North Caucasus, it faces cliffs and dry plateaus; in the Northern Crimea is in contact with the steppes. Less demanding on soil riches and moisture than pedunculate oak. On dry soils it forms pure tree stands or with a small admixture of birch bark , field maple , sometimes with a thick grabber bed ; in the undergrowth there are frequent skumpia , dogwood , hawthorn and privet ; on dry, acidic soils in the Caucasus, in the azalea undergrowth, on deeper soils, an admixture of ash , maple and gyrcanic maple is characteristic, and near the brooks, dogwood undergrowth. As an impurity found in forests with the dominance of hornbeam , chestnut and beech .
Georgian Oak is found in the Western, Southern and Eastern Transcaucasia, in the Talysh Mountains , in the North Caucasus (the White and Bolshaya Laba river basins), in Northern Anatolia (along the Black Sea coast to the west to Trebizond , along the southern slope of the Pontic Range ), in Northern Iran. Forms extensive forests on the southern slopes of mountains and hills, at an altitude of up to 1100–1200 m above sea level, in Transcaucasia, it is the most common tree-forming species.
Listed in the Red Books of Belarus , Ukraine and Transcarpathian region .
Use
It has long been introduced into culture, it is found in the parks of Ukraine, in the Crimea, on Absheron , in Tallinn , Tartu , Riga . In Central Asia, it grows only when watering. Georgian oak was introduced to the culture at the beginning of the 18th century by the Nikitsky Botanical Garden , it grows near Pyatigorsk , in Tallinn and Tartu, wild specimens of this subspecies of the oak are often found in park plantations of Transcaucasia.
The wood of this tree with a specific weight of 0.65–0.75 is softer than that of pedunculate oak, therefore it is easier to join in the woodworking, it is used to make building materials and wine barrels. The bark contains up to 16% tannins; it is also used in tanning as well as wood waste and galls .
Classification
Subspecies
Within a species, four subspecies are distinguished [4] :
- Quercus petraea subsp. huguetiana Franco & G.López - Northern Spain
- Quercus petraea subsp. iberica (Steven ex M.Bieb.) Krassiln. [ syn. Quercus iberica Steven ex M.Bieb. ] - Georgian Oak ; from Slovakia to the Balkan Peninsula, Turkey, Crimea, Northern Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Northern Iran
- Quercus petraea subsp. petraea - Europe, Northwest Turkey
- Quercus petraea subsp. pinnatiloba (K.Koch) Menitsky - South, Western and South-Western Turkey, Syria
Notes
- ↑ About the conditionality of specifying the class of dicotyledons as a higher taxon for the group of plants described in this article, see the section “APG Systems” of the article “Dicotyledons” .
- ↑ According to GRIN . See the plant card
- ↑ Sokolov S. Ya., Stratonovich A. I. Rod 6. Quercus - Oak // Trees and Shrubs of the USSR. Wild, cultivated and promising for introduction. / Ed. Toma S. Ya. Sokolov . - M. - L .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR , 1951. - T. II. Angiosperms. - p. 476-479. - 612 s. - 2500 copies
- ↑ According to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK. See the “References” section.
Literature
- Sokolov S. Ya., Stratonovich A. I. Rod 6. Quercus - Oak // Trees and Bushes of the USSR. Wild, cultivated and promising for introduction. / Ed. Toma S. Ya. Sokolov . - M. - L .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR , 1951. - T. II. Angiosperms. - p. 476-478. - 612 s. - 2500 copies
- Popa Yu.N. Conservation and use of oak rock. / Forestry, forestry, forest use. Survey information. Issue 2. - M. VNIITsLesresurs, 1990. - 28 p.
- Popa Yu.N. Biogeoznoz restoration in anthropogenically transformed ecotops in the steppe zone. Monograph. / Ed. member cor. NAS of Ukraine, prof. A.P. Travleev. - Kiev: Ukrainian bestseller, 2011. - 437 p.
Links
- Quercus petraea in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom (verified January 7, 2011)
- Flora Europaea: Quercus petraea
- Georgian Oak : information about the taxon in the project "Plantarium" (a determinant of plants and an illustrated atlas of species). (Checked January 8, 2011)
- Rock Oak : information about the taxon in the project "Plantarium" (a determinant of plants and an illustrated atlas of the species). (Checked January 8, 2011)