The hooter (hooter, hooter, hudische, bow ; bolg. Hudulka ) is an old Russian [1] stringed stringed musical instrument , most common in the XVII – XVIII centuries [2] among buffoons .
Whistle | |
---|---|
Gudochek, buzzing, gudische | |
Classification | String bowed musical instrument , chordophone |
Related tools | Gadulka , Gusle , Violin |
History
The name "horn" is found in written sources from the beginning of the XVII century. In the sources of the XI-XVII centuries, the musical instrument was called the “ bow ” [3] .
During archaeological excavations on the territory of Novgorod, fragments of tools of the XI-XIV centuries were found, which are considered to be the oldest versions of the beeps. The earliest whole specimen from those found dates back to the mid-14th century [3] .
The horn was distributed as an instrument of buffoons and served to entertain the common people. It performed dances and songs, accompanied by singing. In the 17th century, the layers were kept in the Chamber of the Amusement [3] .
At the end of the XIX century, the horn was completely out of use. Not a single copy of the instrument has been preserved (except for those found during excavations). In the 1900s, composer N. P. Fomin made an attempt to reconstruct the whistle on the basis of old drawings and descriptions. He created a family of instruments (like a string quartet ) - beep , beep , beep and beep . However, it was not possible to revive the ensemble play on the horn [1] .
In the 1970s, N. L. Krivonos reconstructed tools based on archaeological finds (see photos) [4] .
Description
The buzzer has a wooden hollowed or glued case, usually oval or pear-shaped, as well as a flat deck with resonator holes. The neck of the hooter has a short neck without frets, holding 3 strings (sometimes 4). The head is straight or slightly bent back. Tool length - 300-800 mm [1] .
Hooter in the history of Belarusian music
The horn is a problem in the history of Belarusian music. This tool has no analogies in the ethnic Belarusian tools. Perhaps the term "beep" was understood as a whole set of antique stringed instruments. But in the XVII-XVIII centuries. old bowed instruments were supplanted by the violin.
The difference between the whistle and the violin is great. As V. Povetkin wrote: “Three strings on the ring horn's stand were located in the same plane. This is the main difference between the whistle and the violin, on which the upper part of the stand is made in the form of an arc. It is impossible to get violin sounds on the horn, and on the violin (not the bow hair of the bow) you cannot perform three troch chords like on the horn. Therefore, these tools coexisted for a long time. ”
Game Technique
You can play a hooter either by placing it vertically or by holding it horizontally (like a guitar), leading a short bow-shaped bow across the strings. At the same time, the top string is built above the rest 2-3 (unlike the guitar ), with a difference of a fifth or a quart [1] . During the game, the top string is used for soloing, and the rest sound constantly.
Use
Judging by the legends and historical songs, he accompanied the crowded national celebrations; a continuous bass buzz produced at the same time the top “solo” string, as, for example, when playing the lyre .
See also
- The fortuneteller
- Gusle
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Musical Encyclopedia, 1974 .
- ↑ Agazhanov, 1949 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Gudok / O. V. Fraenova // Grigoriev - Dynamics [Electronic resource]. - 2007. - P. 137. - (The Great Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 tons.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004–2017, Vol. 8). - ISBN 978-5-85270-338-5 .
- ↑ Information board at the Russian National Museum of Music
Literature
- Agazhanov A.P. Whistle and violin // Russian folk musical instruments. - M .: MuzGiz, 1949. - p. 18-19. - 56 s.
- Banin A. А. Russian instrumental music of folk tradition . Moscow 1997
- Vasiliev Yu.A., Shirokov A.S. Hooter // Stories about Russian folk instruments. - 2nd ed. - M .: Soviet composer, 1986. - p. 60-61. - 88 s.
- Kvitka K.V. A few words about the Russian dial tone // Selected Works in two volumes. Volume 2. - M .: Soviet composer, 1973. - P. 206-217. - 423 s.
- B. Kolchin. Musical Bow Instruments of Ancient Novgorod // Slavs and Russia - M .: Nauka, 1968–472 p. - p. 66-71
- Povetkin V.I. Novgorod harp and whistles (the experience of a comprehensive study) - Hooter XII century. // Kolchin B. A., Yanin V. L. Novgorod collection. 50 years of excavations of Novgorod - M .: Science, 1982.
- Privalov N.I. Gudok, an ancient Russian musical instrument, in connection with stringed instruments of other countries // Notes of the Department of Russian and Slavic Archeology of the Imperial Russian Archaeological Community. T. V, issue. 1. SPb., 1904.
- Beep / / Musical Encyclopedia. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1974. - T. 2. - p. 99. - 960 p.