Francesca da Rimini ( Italian: Francesca da Rimini , Francesca da Polenta ; c. 1255 - circa 1285 ) is a noble Italian lady who has become one of the eternal images in European culture. Her tragic fate is captured in the works of literature , painting , music and cinema .
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Content
Historical Facts
The daughter of Guido I da Polenta , ruler of Ravenna , Francesca was distinguished by exceptional beauty. In 1275, her father married her to Giancotto Malatesta . Apparently, Guido’s calculations included entering into a dynastic union (this was indicated in his commentary on the “ Divine Comedy ” by Dante Alighieri). She fell in love with Giancotto's younger brother, Paolo Malatesta . Having caught the lovers at the crime scene, the husband stabbed both of them. However, many questions related to these events remain open. For example, there is no certainty where the murder occurred: in Rimini , in Pesaro , in Santarcangelo di Romagna or in the castle of Gradara .
Paolo and Francesca in Literature and Art
Episode from "The Divine Comedy"
It was the episode cited in Dante’s book (“Hell”, song V) that prompted numerous poets, artists and composers to repeatedly refer to the history of Paolo and Francesca. From the story of Francesca, the poet learns that a joint reading of Lancelot inflamed their feelings:
| ... In the free time we read once About Lancelot a sweet tale; Over the book, eyes met more than once, We read a little about how he kissed Kissed, trembling, my mouth. |
Galeot mentioned here was a friend of Lancelot and a participant in many of his adventures; it was Galeot that facilitated the rapprochement of Lancelot with Ginevra . Thus, thanks to Dante, a parallel arises between the story of Paolo and Francesca, on the one hand, and Lancelot's love for King Arthur 's wife, on the other. Meanwhile, in the novel about Lancelot, everything is different: he does not kiss the queen, but she kisses him, and in public; we are talking about the Akkolada , the ceremony of taking Lancelot into vassals .
Other literary works
- Silvio Pellico . “Francesca da Rimini” ( Francesca da Rimini , 1818 ). Tragedy.
- John Keats . "Dream" ( A dream ). Sonnet .
- George Henry Boker . “Francesca da Rimini” ( Francesca da Rimini , 1853 ). Drama [2] .
- Paul Geisse . “Francesca da Rimini” ( Francesca von Rimini , 1869 ). The story .
- Gabriele D'Annunzio . “Francesca da Rimini” ( Francesca da Rimini , 1901 ). Tragedy .
- Francis Crawford “Francesca da Rimini” ( Francesca da Rimini , 1902 ). Tragedy.
- Semyon Kirsanov . "Hell" Poem .
Alexander Block
Undoubtedly, the history of Paolo and Francesca was of interest to the Russian Symbolists , including Dmitry Merezhkovsky and Alexander Blok . In the famous poem of the Bloc "She came from the cold ..." the mention of Paolo and Francesca makes an expressive " pointe ":
... I was most angry about |
Fine Art
Among the artists who addressed this subject at different times are Ari Schaeffer , Alexander Cabanel , Ingres and Gustave Dore . In addition, Rodin 's remarkable sculptural work, “Kiss” ( 1886 ), is inspired by the same plot.
Music
Two great Russian composers used the love story of Paolo and Francesca in their works. These are P. I. Tchaikovsky (symphonic fantasy Francesca da Rimini , 1876 ) and S. V. Rachmaninov (opera Francesca da Rimini , 1904 ). In addition, in 1902, the premiere of the eponymous opera of the Czech composer Eduard Napravnik, who worked in Russia, took place in St. Petersburg. Finally, in 1914, the Italian composer Riccardo Zandonai wrote another opera, this time taking the above-mentioned tragedy of Gabriele D'Annunzio as a basis.
Numerous ballets were staged to the music of P.I.Tchaikovsky's symphonic fantasy, the first of which was a production of M.M. Fokin at the Mariinsky Theater in 1915. In 1943, composer B.F. Asafiev wrote the ballet in 3 acts, staged in 1947 on the stage of the Moscow Musical Theater named after K. S. Stanislavsky and Vl. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko .
Cinema
In 1949, director Raffaello Matarazzo directed the film Paolo and Francesca; starring sister of Marina Vlady , actress Odile Versoix .
Notes
- ↑ German National Library , Berlin State Library , Bavarian State Library , etc. Record # 118684396 // General regulatory control (GND) - 2012—2016.
- ↑ Boker, George-Henry // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
Links
- The poem by Dmitry Merezhkovsky "Francesca Rimini"
- Dante and Francesca. Article by A. Shenderovich
- Paolo and Francesca are legend and history, incarnations in literature, music, cinema, and visual arts.
- (ital.) Article on the site "Love Passion"
- (ital.) Materials of the scientific conference dedicated to Francesca da Rimini (Rimini, 2007)