Saadi

Saadi's biography is traditionally divided into three periods: 1226 - this is the so-called. school period, from 1226 to 1256 - the time of wandering, from 1256 to 1293 - the so-called. sheikh period.
The nickname "Saadi" comes from the name of Atabek Fars Saad ibn Zangi (1195-1226), who served as the poet’s father, who died early, and who took part in the education of Muslim ad-Din. Under the care of Saad ibn Zangi, Muslim ad-Din entered the Nizamiyah Madrasah in Baghdad . He studied under Sufi sheikhs and tried to penetrate their ascetic ideals. However, the verses written by Saadi at that time breathe youthful love for life and its joys; and he himself admitted in his old age that all the beliefs of Sheikh Abul-Faraj Juzia could not heal him from his love of music .

The invasion of the Mongols and the overthrow of Saad ibn Zangi in 1226 forced Saadi to flee, and for 30 years, a fate full of all kinds of vicissitudes, continuously threw him into one or the other end of the Muslim world. In India , in Sumenat , to preserve his life, Saadi pretended to accept the faith of fire-worshipers ( Zoroastrianism ) and then fled, killing a guard priest with a stone. In Mecca , mostly on foot, Saadi visited 14 times. Thanks to his brilliant knowledge of the classical Arabic language, he became a preacher in Damascus and Baalbek , but began to languish in peace and secluded himself in the desert near Jerusalem . Then he was captured by the crusaders , who transported him to the Syrian coast, in Tripoli , and forced him to dig trenches there for the fortress. He was bought for 10 chervontsev by an acquaintance of a rich man from Aleppo, brought to himself and married his ugly and grumpy daughter. Fleeing from an unbearable family life, Saadi fled to North Africa .

Having traveled through all of Asia Minor , Saadi found himself in his native Shiraz ( 1256 ) and, under the auspices of Abu Bekr, the son of the late Saad, he lived in a suburban monastery until the end of his life. "Princes, nobles and the best citizens, - in the words of Devlet Shah, - came to visit the sheikh."

Saadi wrote many poetic and prosaic works, and as an instructive example he often used personal memories from his wandering life. Having experienced all the transience of the world, Saadi theoretically completely agrees with his Sufi predecessors or contemporaries such as the poets Faridaddin Attar and Jalaladdin Rumi , Sheikh Abd al-Kadir al-Jilani and others. But, knowing people well, Saadi understands that far from all are capable of moving away from the world, mortifying the flesh, and exclusively surrendering to mystical contemplation. Therefore, Saadi recommends worldly asceticism to the laity: to live in peace, but not to become addicted to it, to recognize its vicissitudes, and to be hourly prepared for the loss of earthly goods.

In 1257, he wrote a poetic treatise “ Bustan ” (“Orchard”), in which in ten chapters verses set out Sufi philosophy and ethics , reinforced by entertaining parables and stories. By the depth of poetic feeling and the height of moral ideas, “ Bustan ” is one of the greatest works of all Sufi literature. However, not “ Bustan ”, but “ Gulistan ” (“Flower Garden” - written in prose interspersed with verses, in 1258 ). “ Gulistan ” has a peculiar charm of nationality, because it is strewn with many proverbs and sayings. The rather dry Book of Advice (Pend-name), of the same name with the same book by Attara , has an analogy with Gulistan ; but her Saadi affiliation is not fully proven.

Saadi's other works, comprising up to two-thirds of his sofa , relate primarily to lyrics. The main merit of Saadi is that in his gazelle he managed to combine the didactics of the Sufi gazelle with the beauty and imagery of a love gazelle. Each beit in it can be read both in love and in a philosophical and didactic manner. The continuation of this tradition is another famous Persian poet Hafiz Shirazi .

• In honor of Saadi, a crater on Mercury is named.
• Avenue in Dushanbe is named after Saadi.
• Sennitsa Saadi ( Coenonympha saadi ) is a species of day butterflies from the Velvetnits family.
• In honor of Saadi, the great French mathematician Lazar Carnot, who is also one of the prominent representatives of the French Revolution, "Organizer of Victories," named his son - Sadi Carnot. Sadi Carnot is the founder of thermodynamics (Carnot cycle, etc.).

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  Saadi's grave in his mausoleum in Shiraz

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  Postage stamp USSR , 1959

• Truths. Sayings of the Persian and Tajik peoples, their poets and sages. Translation by Naum Grebnev , “Science,” Moscow 1968; St. Petersburg: ABC classic, 2005 .-- 256 p. ISBN 5-352-01412-6
• Gulistan // Philological notes . - Voronezh, 1862 ^[2] .

• Krymsky A.E. Saadi // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Textbook of the history of Uzbekistan. 7th grade. (Dates of birth and death). A. Mukhammedzhanov. Second edition. SHARQ. Tashkent, 2013.

• M. Saadi. Aphorisms, thoughts, phrases.
• Saadi Shirazi. Gazelles in Tajik and Persian