Interior Design

In the past, interiors were instinctively composed as part of the construction process. The profession of interior designer was a consequence of the development of society and the complex architecture that arose as a result of the development of industrial processes. The desire for efficient use of space, user convenience and functional design has contributed to the development of the modern profession of interior designer. This term is less common in the UK, where the profession of interior design is still not regulated and, therefore, strictly speaking, is not yet officially a profession. The profession of interior designer is separate and different from the role of interior decorator, a term commonly used in the United States .

In ancient India, architects worked as interior designers. This is evident from the mentions of the architect Vishwakarma , one of the gods in Indian mythology. In addition, sculptures depicting ancient texts and events can be seen in palaces built in 17th-century India. In the Middle Ages, wall paintings in India were a characteristic feature of palace mansions, commonly known as Havelis (Havel is a traditional townhouse or mansion in the Indian subcontinent, usually one with historical and architectural significance). While most traditional houses have done away with modern buildings, there are about 2,000 Havelis in the Shekhawati region of Rajashtan, which have video wall art paintings. havelis ^[1]

In ancient Egypt, "houses of souls" or models of houses were placed in tombs as containers for offerings. Based on this, it is possible to distinguish the details of the interior design of various residences in different Egyptian dynasties, such as changes in ventilation, porticoes, columns, loggias, windows and doors. ^[2] During the 17th and 18th centuries and at the beginning of the 19th century, interior decoration was a matter of concern to the householder, or the busy upholsterer or artisan, who gave advice on artistic style for the interior space. Architects also hire craftsmen or artisans to complete the interior design of their buildings.

Commercial Design

In the mid-late 19th century, interior design services expanded significantly, as the middle class in industrialized countries grew and grew, and began to strive to ensure that wealth within the country reinforced their new status. Large furniture companies began to engage in general interior design and management, offering complete home furnishings in various styles. This business model flourished from the middle of the century until 1914, when independent, often amateur, designers usurped this role. This paved the way for the emergence of professional interior design and the emergence of a new profession in the mid-20th century. ^[3]

In the 1950s and 1960s, upholsters began to expand their business profits. They presented their profession more broadly and artistically and began to advertise their furniture to the general public. To meet the growing demand for contracted interior work on projects such as offices, hotels, studios and public buildings, these enterprises have become much larger and more complex, employing builders, joiners, plasterers, textile designers, painters and furniture designers, as well as engineers and technicians to do the work. Firms began publishing and distributing print catalogs for a variety of generous styles to catch the attention of a growing middle class. ^[3]

As department stores increased in number and size, the retail space inside the stores was designed in different styles as examples for customers. One of the most effective advertising tools was the creation of model halls at national and international exhibitions in exhibition halls for the general public. Some of the first firms in this area were Waring and Gillow (cabinet arrangement: tables, drawers, cabinets, cabinets, bars, etc.), James Shoolbred (multifunctional cabinets, tables and desks, etc.), Mintons and Holland & Sons ( The company was a leader in ceramic design , working on many different ceramic cases, decorative technologies and “a magnificent world of styles - Rococo shapes with oriental motifs, classic shapes with medieval patterns and Art Nouveau borders were some of the many wonderful blends). These traditional firms producing high-quality furniture began to play an important role as consultants in finding middle-class customers for taste and style and began to conclude contracts for the design and decoration of the interiors of many important buildings in the UK.

Design of residential buildings and individual projects

Residential design is the design of houses, mansions, summer residences, etc. The project that the designer is working on can begin from different stages: from the planning stage (if it is a residential building) or from the stage of reconstruction of an existing system and design (family houses or mansions). Such a work process can take many months in order to accurately recreate the client’s vision. Separate projects include design: museums, exhibitions, various events (such as weddings, funerals, conventions, concerts). In addition, interior designers can also specialize in healthcare design, gerontological design, design of various educational institutions and other areas requiring special knowledge and higher education.

In interior design, as part of architecture, there are many different styles that were formed in various historical eras. The same room, for example, a conference room, can be decorated in different styles: high-tech , romance , modernism , renaissance. baroque and so on. The list of interior styles is wider than architectural.

Historical styles:

• Vanguard
• Antique style
• Empire
• Art deco
• Baroque
• Victorian style
• Gothick style
• Classicism
• Constructivism
• Modern
• Neoclassicism
• Renaissance
• Rococo
• Roman style
• Electrician
• Expressionism

Ethnic interior styles. The style is presented in the form of separately taken elements or a fully prescribed motive of one or another ethnic group of the people. Depending on the wishes of the client, stylized objects or genuine products from one country or another may be present in the interior with different frequencies. The most popular ethnic styles:

• English
• Japanese
• Oriental
• Egyptian
• Chinese
• Russian
• American
• African
• Scandinavian
• Provence

Modern popular types of interior design:

• Bungalow
• Grunge
• Country
• Kitsch
• Loft
• Contemporary
• Minimalism
• Pop Art
• Postmodernism
• Techno
• Fusion
• High tech
• Shabby chic
• Eco style
• Chalet

An important task for the designer is the correct selection of the color palette. Color plays a leading role in the entire interior design and serves as a powerful design tool both in the architecture of space and in parts of the interior. ^[4] Color helps narrow or expand the space, give it calm or movement, make the room more calm and comfortable or stressful or dramatic. ^[5] The color palette, like many other things, is made up of general descriptions of the customer’s wishes and the choice of the designer himself to implement the idea. Each color is selected taking into account the space, style, personal characteristics of the interior and place. ^[6]

The development of interior design begins with the preparation of a design project - a set of documents describing functional and design solutions, they contain drawings of the room and descriptions of all details of the future interior, including decoration materials and the layout of communications. Since the designer should make maximum use of the possible space, many details depending on the construction of the house itself, the designer clarifies with the civil engineer . In working on a project, a designer often directly works with builders, contractors and architects to ensure that all changes made are within the framework of building and sanitary standards. The project contains a technical task that describes all the requirements and wishes of the customer.

First, measurements of the room are made, after which approximate planning decisions and sketches are developed. At this stage, the designer offers the customer several layout options with the distribution of the main functional areas and the arrangement of furniture . Since 3D modeling is a labor-intensive process, at the stage of rough planning detailed three-dimensional models are developed only after agreement with the customer.

After the approval of the location of the zones, design drawings of electrical wires are developed and the location of electrical appliances is planned (lighting, electric heating, etc.); if necessary, drawings of changes in the layout are carried out; plan of ceilings and floor coverings , the placement of plumbing equipment , statements containing information about the decoration and the ordered materials and furniture and decor.

The next step is the implementation of the planned work; at this stage, the designer supervises the work of the finishing and repair teams, providing the customer with the required estimate documentation .

The composition and rules for the design of working drawings of architectural solutions for the interiors of production and auxiliary buildings of all industries and the national economy are established by GOST 21.507-81 * SPDS. Interiors Working drawings.

•  

  Hotel San Dominico in Taormina

•  

  Villa Balbianello

•  

  Pharmacy

•  

  Villa Lenno

•  

  Salon

•  

  Bar in Rotterdam

•  

  Balboa Bay Club

•  

  Skyscraper Springer

•  

  Apartment in Berlin from Dezest studio

• Anthropological design
• Architectural visualization
• Landscape design

• Dodsworth S. Fundamentals of Interior Design: A Study Guide = The Fundamentals of Interior Design / trans. A. Mazurova, D. D. Shevchenko, K. Makarova. - M .: Tride Cooking, 2011 .-- 184 p. - (Design). - ISBN 978-5-904011-05-5 .
• Zmanovskikh E. V. Artistic techniques and technological means in the interior design of public buildings / abstract of thesis. ... candidate of technical sciences: 17.00.06. - SPb. : St. Petersburg. state University of Technology and Design , 2009. - 20 p.
• Mitrofanova E. V. Interior design of restaurant establishments in Russia at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 21st centuries / dissertation ... candidate of art history: 24.00.01. - Yaroslavl: Yaroslav. state ped University named after K. D. Ushinsky , 2006 .-- 231 p.
• Pyle D. 6000 years of the history of architecture and design. History of Interior Design = A History of Interior Design / Per. from English O. I. Sergeeva. - M .: Astrel , 2011 .-- 463 p. - 1250 copies. - ISBN 978-5-271-38367-0 .
• Pankratova A.V. Interior design as a semiotic structure: the dissertation ... candidate of philosophical sciences: 24.00.01. - Smolensk: Nizhny Novgorod. state architecture.-builds. Univ. , 2007 .-- 178 p.
• Protopopov V.V. Interior Design: (Theory and practice of organizing home interiors). - M. , Rostov n / A : March, 2004 .-- Stb. 126 - (Architectural education). - ISBN 5-241-00358-4 .
• Pyankova N. S. Neo-rationalistic methods of shaping in interior design of the 2000s. / abstract of thesis. ... candidate of art history: 17.00.06. - Yekaterinburg: Ur. state architect-artist Acad. , 2012 .-- 20 p.
• Svestelnik Z. V. Cultural traditions in modern Chinese interior design: (for example, restaurants of national cuisine). - Blagoveshchensk: Amur state. Univ. , 2010 .-- 151 p. - ISBN 978-5-93493-141-5 .
• Sofieva N.I. Interior Design: Styles, Trends, Materials . - M .: Eksmo , 2012 .-- 655 p. - (Interior and home improvement). - ISBN 978-5-699-53064-9 .
• Tretyakova M. S. The principles of traditional Japanese “fleeting aesthetics” in modern interior design / Abstract dis. ... candidate of art history: 17.00.06. - Yekaterinburg: Ur. state architect-artist Acad. , 2012 .-- 21 p.