Hydrofoil

In the parking lot and when sailing at low speed, the hydrofoil vessel is kept on the water due to the strength of Archimedes , like an ordinary displacement vessel. At high speed, due to the lifting force created by these wings , the ship rises above the water. In this case, the area of ​​contact with water is significantly reduced, and therefore the hydrodynamic and frontal resistance of water, which allows to develop a higher speed.

For the SEC, the economically feasible speed is limited to about 100 km / h (in modern military-use SECs, the speed is limited to 180 km / h). This limitation is caused by the problem of cavitation of the hydrofoil (boiling water due to a decrease in pressure in the area around the wing), which sharply reduces its hydrodynamic characteristics. And although it was possible to reach speeds of up to 140 km / h with cavitationless wing flow around the ships created under the guidance of R. E. Alekseev , with low-loaded hydrofoils, the SECs proved to be of little promise for a further increase in speed.

Advantages and disadvantages

Benefits

• High speed
• Low wing drag
• High seaworthiness, with a sufficient length of the wing struts, insensitivity to pitching.

disadvantages

• The main disadvantage of these vessels is low profitability in comparison with low-speed displacement vessels.
• Low seaworthiness with great excitement , a large wave strikes the bottom with its crest, or exposes the wings when passing the sole.
• The need for powerful and at the same time lightweight and compact engines ( diesel engine , gas turbine engine ) to "get on the wings."
• The inability to approach unequipped parking due to the deep precipitation of the PC.

Wings

There are two types of hydrofoils - a partially submerged wing (or a U-shaped wing) and a fully submerged wing (an inverted T wing).

Vessels with fully submerged wings are less susceptible to rolling from the waves, so they are more stable and comfortable, especially when used at sea. However, completely submerged wings require constant control, so they have become widely used with the advent of computers . Of course, such computers must be very reliable, since in case of failure the ship will fall into the water and may even roll over.

Vessels with completely submerged wings appeared relatively recently, before that vessels with U-shaped wings were used, which do not require constant control.

Typically, hydrofoil vessels have two wings, which can be differently positioned relative to each other and the hull.

• With the so-called airplane layout, the main (larger) wing is located in front of the center of gravity of the vessel, the smaller wing is located behind.
• In the “ duck ” pattern, the smaller wing is located in front of the main wing.
• In the tandem scheme, both wings have the same area and are located in front and behind the center of gravity, at an equal distance from it.

The airplane and duck schemes are used on small vessels, and the tandem layout on larger ones.

The control of hydrofoils is carried out in two ways: by changing the angle of attack (the entire wing is rotated in this case) or by using flaps .

Engine and propulsion

As an engine on hydrofoil ships, either a diesel engine (in this case they are motor ships ) or a gas turbine engine (in this case they are gas turbine ships ) is used.

There is an experimental hydrofoil ship with a Hydroptère sailing engine ^[1]

As a propeller , a propeller or a jet propeller can be used. At high speeds, the efficiency of the water jet is higher than the efficiency of the propeller, especially at speeds above 100 knots ^[2] . The propeller is connected to the engine via a gearbox .

The emergence of hydrofoils

The first attempts to create a hydrofoil ship were made at the end of the 19th century. In 1897, Charles de Lambert, a Russian national living in France, built and tested a small hydrofoil ship on the Seine . However, the power of the steam engine , which was used as an engine on this vessel, was not enough to develop the speed necessary for the hull to rise above the water ^[3] .

More successful were the experiments of the Italian inventor Enrico Forlanini. He has been experimenting with hydrofoil models since 1898. In 1906, he created a full-sized experimental vessel during tests on Lake Lago-Majore that reached a speed of 68 km / h (42.5 mph). This boat had multi-tiered wings like a whatnot .

In 1906, in the American journal Scientific American, inventor William E. Meacham published an article on the basic principles of a hydrofoil vessel. This article interested Alexander Bell . First, he conducted theoretical research, and in 1908, together with the inventor Frederick W. Baldwin ( English Frederick W. Baldwin ) began to test models.

Baldwin studied the work of the Italian inventor Enrico Forlanini and was engaged in testing models based on his designs. During Bell’s world tour from 1910-1911, Bell and Boldwin met in Forlanini in Italy . They rode along Lake Lago Major on a hydrofoil boat created by Forlanini. According to Boldvin's description, the boat moved as smoothly as if it were flying. Returning to Canada , the inventors continued to develop a hydrofoil ship. As a result, they built a ship that received the HD-4 index. This vessel was powered by Renault engines. It developed a speed of up to 87 km / h (54 mph), quickly accelerated, overcame waves without problems, was easily controlled and was highly stable. Bell sent a report to the U.S. Navy . The Navy became interested in his experiences, and gave him the opportunity to purchase two engines with a capacity of 260 kW (350 hp). On September 9, 1919, the HD-4 set a world water speed record of 114 km / h (70.86 mph). This record lasted ten years.

Between 1873 and 1914, the British shipbuilder Thornicroft worked on a series of hydrofoil ship models. These models had only one hydrofoil in the bow of the redanny hull. In 1909, his company built a 22-foot-long, full-size ship called the Miranda III . It was driven by a 60- liter engine . from. Like the models , this ship had only one bow hydrofoil and the hull did not rise completely out of the water. During movement, the vessel rested on the bow and the flat part of the bottom at the stern. After Miranda III , the ship Miranda IV was built, which developed a speed of up to 35 knots.

Germany

In the 1930s and 1940s, a prominent SEC specialist, Hanns von Schertel, worked in Germany. In 1944, he built a ship with a displacement of 80 tons. With a cargo of 20 tons on board, it developed a speed of up to 40 knots (about 74 km / h) at a wave height of 1.8 m. After the war, employees from his design bureau were transported to the USSR , but Shertel himself managed to move to Switzerland , where he founded the Supramar company.

Switzerland

In 1952, Supramar built the world's first commercial hydrofoil ship. It received the designation PT 10 and the name Freccia d'Oro. This ship made voyages on Lake Lago Major between Locarno (Switzerland) and Stresa (Italy). This ship had partially submerged wings, took on board 32 passengers and developed a speed of 35 knots. Commercial operation began on May 15, 1953. This ship had rather modest dimensions: length was 14.2 meters, displacement - about ten tons. The case was wooden. The vessel was powered by a Daimler Benz type MB 507 diesel engine with a capacity of 800 liters. from.

The world's first passenger hydrofoil ship to go into production was the PT 20 . Since the 1950s, these vessels were built under the license of Supramar by Rodriquez. Rodriquez began construction of the PT 20 in 1955. The first PT 20 went into operation in 1956. This ship, called Frecia del Sole, was used as a ferry across the Strait of Messina . It became the first hydrofoil to receive permission for use at sea. PT 20 had a displacement of 32 tons, took on board 72 passengers and reached a speed of 35 knots.

From 1953 to 1971 Supramar developed a series of hydrofoil vessels: PT 20, PT 50, PT 75, PT 100 and PT 150. With the exception of PT 150, they all belonged to ships with partially submerged wings. In total, more than two hundred vessels designed by Supramar were built, mainly under the license of Rodriquez in Italy. Also, a number of such ships were built by Hitachi in Japan .

Soviet Union

In the Soviet Union, experimental work on hydrofoil ships began in 1933. TsAGI engineers V. G. Frolov and A. N. Vladimirov conducted the first studies of hydrofoils in the TsAGI hydro channel, the first self-propelled SPK model weighing 300 kg. with a 10 kW engine, it developed a speed of 32 km / h on the wings, while scientists Keldysh M.V. , Kochin N.E. , Lavrentyev M.A. , Sedov L.I. and L.N. Sretensky performed the first fundamental theoretical studies hydrodynamics of the wing near the water surface, the work has been translated into many languages.

In 1937 and 1941, TsAGI tested boats with deep-guided wings of the Epstein L.A. system. With a mass of 1.3 tons and a power of 96 kW, a propeller boat reached a speed of 100 km / h. In the post-war period of 1946–47, TsAGI studied boats with V-shaped wings of the Schretel system ^[4] .

The greatest practical success was achieved by the young graduate of the Gorky Industrial (Polytechnic) Institute Rostislav Alekseev , who in 1941 began his career at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant as a master master for the acceptance of T-34 tanks. Largely thanks to his own initiative and support from the leadership, on difficult days of the war he managed to organize a design bureau for the development of hydrofoil vessels, which later became the country's leading design bureau for high-speed vessels and ekranoplanes .

The first SPK Alekseev - boat A-4, was tested in November 1943. Created in 1947, the experimental boat A-7, according to its scheme, was actually a prototype of future river passenger SECs on lightly dipped wings. The first project of the river passenger SPK was completed by the Design Bureau in 1949, but only a self-propelled model was made, further work focused on the creation of hydrofoil torpedo boats, civilian developments were proactive.

The successes of Hans Schretel and the Supramar company of the mid-1950s stirred up interest in the passenger SEC in the USSR. In 1955, Alekseyev Design Bureau (a branch of TsKB-19) was visited by the Minister of the River Fleet, Shashkov Z. A., and was amazed at what he saw. At the subsequent expanded meeting of the party committee of the plant, a draft design of the first hydrofoil passenger passenger ship is considered, approved and recommended for construction. In 1956, design and then construction began, which is financed by the Ministry of the River Fleet ^[5] .

The first passenger hydrofoil ship "Rocket-1" entered into trial operation on August 25, 1957 on the Gorky - Kazan line .
Since the late 1950s, serial production of hydrofoil passenger ships Rocket , Meteor , Comet and Belarus began .
In the 1970s and 1980s, the vessels Voskhod , Polesye , Colchis , Cyclone , and Swallow followed.

In single copies in the 1960s the experimental SPK Strela-1 (the first marine passenger SPK in the Soviet Union, 1961), Strela-2 (1962), Strela-3 (1963), and Petrel were built (1964), "The Seagull", "Sputnik" (1961), "Whirlwind".

Almost all Soviet passenger SECs used low-loaded self-stabilizing wings that worked well on river, lake and sea coastal lines with a seaworthiness limit of 3-4 points. The only marine passenger SEC with automatically controlled deep-loaded wings of Project 1233 Typhoon was developed in 1969 at Almaz Design Bureau and was in trial operation for about a year. Despite the advantages achieved in seaworthiness and a record high speed, this direction was not developed due to the significantly increased costs for the construction and operation of such systems.

For the services of ship surveillance and rescue stations in the USSR, hydrofoils “Volga” and “Moscow” were produced.

Military hydrofoil ships were also built in the Soviet Union.

• In the early 1950s, 8 torpedo boats of the K123K project were equipped with nasal hydrofoils designed by R. Alekseev .
• In 1956, a more advanced torpedo boat of project 184 with a forward hydrofoil was built at the Feodosia Shipbuilding Plant More .
• In 1963-1967, a series of 16 hydrofoil patrol boats of Project 125A was built.
• From 1971 to 1976, 24 torpedo boats of the 206-M Storm project were built for the Soviet Navy .
  • Also, from 1978 to 1985, at the request of the governments of Vietnam, Cuba, Ethiopia and other countries, the Vladivostok Shipyard built 16 boats under the 206ME project, in total 5 boats were sent to Vietnam, 2 to Cambodia and Ethiopia, 9 to another and another ship for Seychelles .
• From 1976 to 1983, 11 missile boats of the 206MR Whirlwind project were built for the Soviet Navy in the Middle Nevsky Shipyard (Pontonny settlement near Leningrad).
• A series of 12 border boats of the project 133 Antares .
• In 1977, a hydrofoil missile boat of Project 1240 Hurricane was built in Leningrad.
• In 1977, the experienced MPK "Alexander Kunakhovich" project 1141 .
  • A series of 3 IPC project 1145.1 "Falcon" (1987-199?).

Most Soviet hydrofoil vessels were developed at the Central Design Bureau for Hydrofoil Vessels and the Volga pilot plant under the guidance of an outstanding engineer Rostislav Alekseev . Despite the fact that in the USSR the production of the SEC was the most recent, their production was the most massive, in particular, Boeing Marine Systems managed to build about 40 SEC, the Swiss Supramar - about 150, and the USSR - more than 1300. Soviet passenger SECs were distinguished by high technical -экономическими показателями, себестоимость пассажир-километра в 1964 году составила 1,38 копейки, а цена билета и время поездки были меньше, чем на аналогичных автобусных маршрутах ^[6] , благодаря этому они стали важным экспортным товаром, продававшимся по всему миру, журнал « Популярная ме ханика» высказал мнение, что в современном мире при слове «суда на подводных крыльях» ( англ. Hydrofoil Boats ) в первую очередь представляют модели советского производства ^[7] .

Постсоветские страны

Исчезновение СССР совпало с мировым падением интереса к СПК, вызванным ростом цен на энергоносители и связанным с этим, ухудшением рентабельности подобных судов. В 1993 году в Крыму было выпущено два судна проекта «Олимпия» ^[7] , и ещё два было заложено в 2002 году (по состоянию на 2015 год готовность 70 %).

В настоящее время судостроительный завод «Вымпел» возобновил строительство СПК на заводе в Рыбинске. Головное судно проекта 23160 « Комета 120М » на 120 человек было заложено в августе 2013 года, его корпус выполнен из алюминиевых сплавов, крылья изготовлены из нержавеющей стали. Проектировщиком судна стало АО ЦКБ по СПК имени Алексеева ^[7] . Особенностью судна в сравнении с прототипом, спроектированным в советские времена, стало добавление закрылков для стабилизации судна и смягчения ударов волн при волнении до 4 баллов ^[8] . Первое из изготовленных судов получило название «Чайка», в честь позывного первой женщины-космонавта Валентины Терешковой ^[9] . С августа 2018 года судно начало регулярные рейсы между Севастополем и Ялтой ^[10] . В июле 2019 г. в Севастополе планируют спустить на воду ещё два СПК этого проекта, которые будут перевозить пассажиров по новым маршрутам ^[11] .

В конце сентября 2017 года в Чкаловске спущено на воду спроектированное в СПК имени Алексеева малое судно проекта « Валдай 45Р » вместимостью 45 человек. Планировалось, что судно начнёт навигацию в 2018 году, в том числе в Санкт-Петербурге в рамках Чемпионата Мира по футболу 2018 ^[12] . Второе судно проекта спущено на воду 5 мая 2018 года ^[13] . Предполагается, что первые суда проекта будут работать в Ханты-Мансийском автономном округе; в 2019 году планируется построить ещё два СПК этого проекта ^[14] . Переговоры о поставке четырёх судов ведёт правительство Нижегородской области, чтобы открыть речные маршруты Нижний Новгород — Городец и Нижний Новгород — Макарьево ^[15] .

Министерство Промышленности и Торговли также заявило о готовности профинансировать строительство нового скоростного судна на подводных крыльях «Циклон» пассажировместимостью в 300 человек для Дальнего Востока и Балтийского Моря. В линейке проектов судов на подводных крыльях, разработанных ЦКБ им. Алексеева, есть газотурбоход «Циклон 250М», рассчитанный на перевозку 250 пассажиров ^[16] .

Соединённые Штаты Америки

In the United States , Boeing was engaged in the development of hydrofoil vessels. The Boeing built its first hydrofoil ship in 1962. It used a water jet as a mover. In 1967, the Boeing built the Tucumcari artillery boat (gunboat) with a displacement of 57 tons and a length of 12.5 meters. The Tucumcari was the first large vessel to use a water jet instead of a propeller. He successfully participated in the Vietnam War . A whole class of hydrofoil patrol missile boats ( Patrol Hydrofoil Missileship (PHM) ) was created on the basis of this ship. The first ship of this type, the Pegasus, entered the fleet on July 9, 1977. Subsequently, the Boeing built five more such vessels for the US Navy (this class of ships was called Pegasus, after the lead ship). They served until 1993.

These ships were distinguished by speed and strong weapons, they were able to sink even the largest surface ships.

Pegasus were mainly used as patrol vessels to prevent the smuggling of drugs . Because of their speed, they were a real nightmare for smugglers.

In addition to warships, the Boeing also created civilian hydrofoils. The type of civilian ships created by Boeing is called the Jetfoil . Jetfoyles refer to ships with fully submerged wings. They used water cannons as a mover. The first tests of JetFoil took place on March 29, 1974 . Subsequently, more than twenty Jetfails were built. Jetfoyles were large seagoing vessels that took on board from 167 to 400 passengers (depending on version) ^[17] .
Jet-foils are mainly used as high-speed sea ferries in Hong Kong , Japan , the Canary Islands , Saudi Arabia , Indonesia , the UK and France (as a ferry across the English Channel ). In Japan, Jet Foils is built under license by Kawasaki .

Canada

In the late 1960s, the Canadian Navy built and tested a high - speed anti- submarine hydrofoil ship called the HMCS Bras d'Or. Bras d'Or belonged to hydrofoils with a partially submerged wing. He developed a speed of up to 63 knots (116.7 km / h). However, this project did not receive further development due to a change in the military doctrine of Canada. Bras d'Or was withdrawn from the fleet in 1971. Most of the equipment has been sold. Now Bras d'Or is in the museum.

Italy

Since the late 1970s, the Italian Navy has used six hydrofoil vessels of the Nibbio class. They were armed with a 76 mm cannon and two rockets. These ships reached speeds of up to 50 knots (92.6 km / h).

At present, Italy is widely used SPK for passenger traffic (Liberty lines company). The local name for this class of ships is Aliscafo ( Italian: aliscafo ).

USSR / Russia

The boom in the popularity of hydrofoil ships came in the early 1960s. By 1963, vessels of this type were involved in passenger navigation along the Volga , Dnieper , Ob , Irtysh , Amur and other waterways of the country. The passenger traffic forecast for 1963 amounted to 2 million passengers, which is 50% higher than the actual figure of the past 1962 ^[18] . Currently, the main fleet of passenger SECs in Russia are vessels built in the USSR. In total, about 300 Rocket missiles, 400 Meteors, 100 Comet, 40 Belarusi, 300 Voskhodov, 100 Polesiev, 40 Colchis and Katranov were built ^[7] .

• Flights of Meteors and Sunrises from St. Petersburg to Peterhof , Kronstadt and Oreshek fortress.
• Flights of Meteors and Comets from Petrozavodsk to Kizhi , the Great Guba and Shalsky on Lake Onega .
• Flights "Meteors" from Sortavala and Priozersk to Valaam on Lake Ladoga .
• Flights "Colchis" and "Comets" from St. Petersburg to Valaam along Lake Ladoga.
• Meteor flights from Irkutsk to Bratsk along the Angara via Balagansk and Ust-Uda . For villages located downstream of Ust-Uda, such as Anosovo, Atalanka, Podvolnoe and several others, are the only public transport available.
• Flights "Comets" from Nizhneangarsk to Irkutsk on Lake Baikal .
• Flights of Meteors, Comet, Rocket and Sunrises on the Volga , Don , Kama and Amur .
• Flights "Comets" from Vladivostok to Nakhodka and the village of Slavyanka .
• Siflight-1 and Siflight-2 vessels of the Katran type ( Colchis project ) have been making regular flights since 2008 on the route Anapa - Sochi (Anapa - Novorossiysk - Gelendzhik - Sochi); and since 2009 - on the route Anapa - Yalta.
• Flights SEC ("Rocket", "Meteor", "Sunrise") on the Lena - from Yakutsk to the directions Yakutsk - Sangar - Zhigansk and Yakutsk - Olekminsk - Lensk . Performed by the courts of the Yakut Shipping Company (formerly part of LORP ). Due to the underdeveloped road infrastructure of Yakutia in the summer there is no alternative; passenger flow is provided. In Soviet times, the "Rocket" also went from Yakutsk along the Lena and Aldan to Khandygi - the flight was canceled in 1998, and also sometimes (when the situation was navigable in Vilyuy ) from Yakutsk along the Lena and Vilyuy to Vilyuisk . Some of these flights exceed 600-700 km (the farthest - Yakutsk - Zhigansk 771 km). “Rocket”, as a rule, leaves Yakutsk early in the morning, about five to six hours, and arrives at the place in the evening ^[19] , that is, almost the entire daylight hours are used for a one-way flight. All lines are serviced by Soviet-made motor ships, which have no replacement, since these series have long been discontinued. These ships were not considered new in the 1980s - some of them already had a second or third engine in a row. But to this day (2012) they are in operation thanks to constant intensive maintenance.
• The motor ships Polesie and the Chinese Luntan go between Khabarovsk and Fuyuan , mainly transporting shuttles .
• In 2013, for the first time in twenty years, the Vympel shipyard in Rybinsk laid the foundation for a new generation hydrofoil passenger passenger ship, the Comet-120M . After launching the first vessel of the series, it was sent for completion to the Crimea, and since 2018 it has been operating on the line between Sevastopol and Yalta ^[20] . In construction, a second similar vessel. ^[21] At the same time, work is underway on a double-decker marine hydrofoil passenger ship of project 23170 Tornado-M for 320 people ^[22] .
• The Valdai 45R of project 21380 was designed by the Central Design Bureau under the Alekseyev SEC and is a modified version of high-speed vessels of the Polesye type. ^[23] In 2018, two vessels were put into operation. In 2019, a contract for 4 more ships was signed. ^[24]

Ukraine

• In 2016, the shipping company LLC NIBULON LLC acquired in the Netherlands 2 vessels (the name "NIBULON Express - 1" and "NIBULON Express - 2") of the "Voskhod" type (built at the More shipyard in 2002) and successfully operates them in the Nikolaev and Kherson regions. At the end of 2017, the company bought 2 more vessels, such as Polesie ^{[25] [26]} .

• Since 2014, a group of Dniprofoil enthusiasts ^[27] used PolissyaONE and Polissya-5 vessels of the Polesye type in the Kherson region and in Kiev. At the end of 2017, both vessels were sold to NIBULON ^[25] . Work is underway to restore the Meteor-37 ship, as well as hydrofoil small boats .

Other countries

• Polesie-type hydrofoil boat (2010) in Finland on the tourist line between Pääänne and Keitele lakes ^[28]
• Soviet-made hydrofoils are used in Egypt on the Nile River , with no exact route information.
• Soviet and Russian hydrofoil vessels ( Meteor , Voskhod) the use of single-engine vessels on this route was prohibited after the accident in 2013) are used in Vietnam on a regular line between the cities of Ho Chi Minh City and Vung Tau (about 70 km, 1 hour 30 minutes on my way). The line was temporarily suspended in February 2014 after a fire on one of the vessels, but in February 2015 the message was resumed.
• Voskhod and Polesie vessels make regular flights along the Tulcha - Sulin route along the Danube .
• Linda Line - a line between Tallinn and Helsinki . On this line, vessels of the type “Comet” and “Olympia” were used.
• Vessels of the Polesye type cruise between Kaliningrad , Frombork and Elblag . This line is operated by the Polish shipping company.
• The Fast Flying Ferries line between Amsterdam and Welsen . This company is operated by the public transportation company Connexxion . Voskhod vessels of Ukrainian origin are used on this line.
• The Comet hydrofoils were used on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast , performing regular flights on the Varna - Nessebar - Burgas - Sozopol - Tsarevo (formerly Michurin) line . Since 2011, the line was restored by the Bulgarian Hydrofoil EAD Burgas company after a 20-year break.
• TurboJET is a speed crossing across the river delta between Hong Kong and Macau . The crossing time is less than an hour at an average speed of 83 km / h. Basically, JetFoyles built by Boeing are used at the crossing. TurboJET also serves Shenzhen , Guangzhou and Julong . The crossing is operated by Shun Tak-China Travel Ship Management Limited.
• Hydrofoil vessels are used by subsidiaries of the Italian Ministry of Transport on the three largest lakes in Italy: Lago Major between Locarno and Arona (firm Navigazione Lago Maggiore), Lake Como (firm Navigazione Lago di Como) and Garda (firm Navigazione Lago di Garda). Three RHS150 vessels are used on each lake, and a vessel of the RHS70 type is still used on Lake Como - the last vessel of this type used in Italy.
• Soviet-made hydrofoils are used in southern Italy on the lines connecting the islands of Lazio and Campania .
• The Beetle line between Busan (South Korea) and Fukuoka (Japan). Jetfoy type vessels are mainly used on this line. There are five flights per day.
• Hydrofoil ships ply between Istanbul and Yalova .
• Lines in the Aegean between the Cyclades and Athens in Greece , under the general name "Flying Dolphins".
• The Ionian cruises company uses ships of the Comet type on the Kerkyra line (Corfu, Greece) - Saranda (Albania).

• Alekseev, Rostislav Evgenievich .
• Hovercraft
• "Petrel"
• Submarine ( hydrofoil submarine )

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• Hydrofoil and hovercraft
• Hydrofoils | HYDROFOILS
• History of hydrofoils (with ill.)
• “Rocket”, “Meteor”, “Comet”, “Sputnik”. Passenger hydrofoil. From space names to space speeds
• O. P. Frolov “From the history of hydrofoils” // Design-Review
• SEC and Small Fleet - River Travelers Forum
• OJSC Central Design Bureau for hydrofoil ships named after R. E. Alekseeva
• FPG High-Speed ​​Fleet - Hydrofoils
• List of CIS shipbuilding enterprises, including SPK manufacturers
• Hydrofoil vessels // Mifishkin on PhotoFile.Ru (photo gallery)
• SPK - Hydrofoils - Wallpaper (photo gallery)
• Vessels of the Boeing company on the official website of the company (English)
• Kawasaki Jetfoil (English)
• The Supramar PT Series Hydrofoils
• Hydrofoils Around the World (photo gallery )
• Classic fast ferries (pdf)
• Website on the history of hydrofoils and hovercraft
• Nizhny Novgorod Novations: Cruise ships