Besançon ( French: Besançon ; classic Latin: Bysantium ; cf. Latin: Vesuntio, Vesontio ; German: Bisanz ) is a city in eastern France , on the meander of the Du River, the administrative center of the Du department and the Franche-Comté region . Mechanical engineering , watch, textile and clothing industry. In 2013, the population was 116,952 residents.
| City | |||||
| Besancon | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Besançon | |||||
 | |||||
| |||||
| A country |  France | ||||
| Region | Franche-Comté | ||||
| The Department | Doo | ||||
| Chapter | |||||
| History and Geography | |||||
| Area | 65.05 km² | ||||
| Center height | 235 - 620 m | ||||
| Timezone | UTC + 1 , in summer UTC + 2 | ||||
| Population | |||||
| Population | 116,914 people ( 2010 ) | ||||
| Density | 1 797 people / km² | ||||
| Agglomeration | 243,363 people (2008) | ||||
| Katoykonim | Besanosans, Besanosons [1] | ||||
| Digital identifiers | |||||
| Postal codes | 25,000 | ||||
| besancon.fr (fr.) | |||||
Content
- 1 History
- 2 Climate
- 3 Transport
- 4 Attractions
- 5 Twin Cities
- 6 Photo Gallery
- 7 notes
- 8 Literature
History
In antiquity it was called Vesontio [2] and was taken as the center of the Gallic tribe of sequans in 58 BC. e. Julius Caesar [3] . Bezanson bishops have been known since the 4th century, who eventually became archbishops and took control of the city. Until 1654, he remained a free city within the Holy Roman Empire .
Besancon rose a lot under the Habsburgs , when one of the locals, Cardinal Granwell , ruled the empire's foreign policy. As a result of the Thirty Years' War, he passed to the French and was, on the orders of Louis XIV, thoroughly fortified by Vauban . The construction of the grandiose fortress took 30 years; in 1814 it was fired by the Austrians, but in general, the creation of Vauban survived to our days in good condition [4] .
In 1676, Franche-Comté governing bodies were transferred here from Share . In 1671, the University of Franche-Comté moved to Besancon from Dole , which was opened in the 15th century as the “University of the Two Burgundies”.
At the end of the 18th century, refugees from Switzerland laid the foundations for the watch industry of Besancon. In the XIX century, the city was considered a fairly large industrial center. Here were born the poet Victor Hugo , the socialists Fourier and Proudhon , as well as the Lumiere brothers . Stendhal placed in Besancon part of the novel " Red and Black ."
In the 1960s, the most densely populated area of the modern city, Planoise , was built up.
Climate
| Climate Besancon | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicator | Jan | Feb | March | Apr | May | June | July | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Absolute maximum, ° C | 16.8 | 21.7 | 24.8 | 29.1 | 32,2 | 34.6 | 40.3 | 38.3 | 33.5 | 30.1 | 23 | 20.8 | 40.3 |
| Average maximum, ° C | 5 | 7 | eleven | 14.3 | 19 | 21.9 | 24.8 | 24.6 | 20.7 | 15.4 | 8.9 | 5.8 | 14.9 |
| Average temperature, ° C | 2.1 | 3,1 | 6.7 | 9.7 | 15,2 | 17.9 | twenty | 20,2 | 16.9 | 13,4 | 8.8 | 4.1 | 11.5 |
| Average minimum ° C | −0.8 | 0 | 2.5 | 4,5 | 8.7 | 11.7 | 13.9 | 13.6 | 10.6 | 7 | 2,4 | 0.3 | 6.2 |
| Absolute minimum, ° C | −20.7 | −20.6 | −14 | −5.2 | −2.4 | 2.1 | 4,5 | 3.4 | −0.1 | −6.1 | −11.3 | −19.3 | −20.7 |
| Precipitation rate, mm | 88.8 | 82.9 | 77.6 | 94.3 | 109.7 | 101.7 | 85.1 | 78.1 | 103.1 | 105,2 | 107.1 | 103.9 | 1137.6 |
| Source: [5] | |||||||||||||
Transport
The city has bus and tram (from August 30, 2014) [6] traffic.
Attractions
- Bezansonsky fortress designed by Vauban. Includes citadel, city walls and Fort Griffon . In 2008, these fortifications were declared by UNESCO as World Heritage sites among the 12 fortifications of Vauban.
- Ancient Roman remains: Black Gate, amphitheater, aqueduct, fragments of the ancient bridge
- Saint-Jean Cathedral was built in the 11th – 13th centuries, but was thoroughly rebuilt in the 18th century.
- The Mansion of Cardinal Granvela (1534-40)
- Museums, aquariums, zoo
- Museum of Time
- Museum " Resistance Movement in France and Deportation " at the Vauban Citadel
- Franche-Comté Museum of Tradition
- Museum of Natural History : zoo, aquarium , insectarium, "mouse" [7] , climatology .
- Balneological resort
- Besancon Synagogue
Twin Cities
- Tver ( Russia )
- Freiburg ( Germany )
- Kuopio ( Finland )
- Huddersfield ( UK )
- Bielsko-Biala ( Poland )
- Neuchatel ( Switzerland )
- Bistrica ( Romania )
- Pavia ( Italy )
- Hadera ( Israel )
- Durula ( Burkina Faso )
- Mans ( Côte d'Ivoire )
- Charlottesville , Virginia ( USA )
Photo Gallery
| Voban embankment | Roofs of Old Besancon | In the Besancon fortress |
Notes
- ↑ Gorodetskaya I. L., Levashov E. A. Besanson // Russian names of inhabitants: Dictionary-reference. - M .: AST , 2003 .-- S. 43. - 363 p. - 5,000 copies. - ISBN 5-17-016914-0 .
- ↑ Vezonzio // Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : in 4 volumes - St. Petersburg. 1907-1909.
- ↑ Besancon // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Besancon // Military Encyclopedia : [in 18 vol.] / Ed. V.F. Novitsky [et al.]. - SPb. ; [ M. ]: Type. t-va I. D. Sytin , 1911-1915.
- ↑ climat_france? 73928.path = climatnormales% 252FREG20 Météo France .
- ↑ UrbanRail.Net> Europe> France> Besançon Tram
- ↑ Noctarium Archived February 11, 2009. (fr.)
Literature
- Besancon // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.