Prime Minister of Poland

Kingdom of Poland (1916-1918)

The Kingdom of Poland ( Polish: Królestwo Polskie , German: Königreich Polen ) is a puppet state , founded by the Act of November 5, 1916 with the support of a number of Polish parties ^[2] and recognized by the German Empire and Austria-Hungary . It was formed within the territory of the Polish Kingdom of Poland occupied by Germany and Austria-Hungary (however, without certain borders) and existed as a satellite state of Germany.

Declaration of both emperors on the establishment of the Regent Council ( Polish. Rada Regencyjna ), limited the power of Germany in the occupied territories and was supposed to allow the election of a new Polish monarch. On September 12, 1917 ( 1917-09-12 ) , the Kingdom adopted a constitution establishing a monarchy, a bicameral parliament, and non-political ministers. On December 7, 1917 ( 1917-12-07 ) the post of Prime Minister (literally - Minister-President, Polish minister-prezydent ) of the created government was taken by Jan Kuchazhevsky .

On November 11, 1918 ( 1918-11-11 ) , on the day of the surrender of Germany, the Regency Council transferred military power to Jozef Pilsudski , three days later ( November 14, 1918 ( 1918-11-14 )) , Pilsudski also assumed civilian authority, and the Regency Council and Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland  decided to empower Pilsudski with the powers of the interim head of state ( Polish. Tymczasowy naczelnik państwa ).

People's Republic of Poland (1918)

With the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire on November 7, 1918 ( 1918-11-07 ) , the People’s Republic of Poland ( Polish: Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa ) was proclaimed in Lublin , one of the leaders of the Polish Social Democratic Party of Galicia became prime minister of the Provisional People’s Government and Silesia-Cieszyn Ignacy Dashinsky .

At the same time, on November 11, 1918 ( 1918-11-11 ) in Warsaw, the Regency Council The Kingdom of Poland transferred power to govern the country to Jozef Pilsudski (and was dissolved 3 days later), after which on November 14, 1918 ( 1918-11-14 ) , the people's government self-dissolved, transferring power to the Provisional Head of the State of Poland Jozef Pilsudski, while joining Pilsudski Ignatius Dashinsky until November 17, 1918 ( 1918-11-17 ) retained the post of head of government, thus becoming in fact the first head of government of the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth   .

Republic of Poland (1918-1939)

The Polish Republic , also known as the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ( Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska, II Rzeczpospolita ) - is a Polish state, restored in 1918 . The name emphasizes the continuous connection with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569-1795), liquidated as a result of its divisions between the Russian Empire , the Prussian Kingdom and the Austrian Empire at the end of the 18th century.

The beginning of the history of the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is considered November 11, 1918 ( 1918-11-11 ) , when the Polish troops disarmed the German garrison in Warsaw , and Jozef Pilsudski , who returned from German captivity, took military power from the hands of the Regency Council Kingdom of Poland . On November 14, 1918 ( 1918-11-14 ) , Pilsudski also assumed civil power, and the Regency Council and the Provisional People’s Government of the Republic of Poland granted Pilsudski the powers of interim head of state ( Polish: Tymczasowy naczelnik państwa ). Elected in the elections of January 26, 1919 On February 20, 1919 ( 1919-02-20 ) , the Legislative Diet appointed Pilsudski as "Head of State" ( Polish: Naczelnik państwa ) ^[2] . The Prime Minister ( Polish minister-prezydent ) remained the head of government.

On March 17, 1921 ( 1921-03-17 ) , the constituent Seim adopted the constitution , which approved the republican system. A bicameral parliament was established - the National Assembly, consisting of the Sejm and Senate , elected for a term of 5 years by universal, equal and secret proportional vote. The Sejm approved on the proposal of the president (elected by the National Assembly for 7 years) the chairman of the Council of Ministers ( Polish Prezes Rady Ministrów Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej ) and individual ministers, and had the right to change them.

In 1926, after a coup in Poland, an authoritarian reorganization regime was established, led by Jozef Pilsudski, nullifying the basic principles underlying the constitution.

On January 16, 1935 ( 1935-01-16 ) , the Sejm adopted a new constitution , according to which the president, who concentrated state power in his person, was recognized as the source and bearer of state power. All ministers were appointed by the president at the suggestion of the chairman of the council of ministers. The position of the chairman of the council of ministers in the cabinet was strengthened: he led the work of the government and headed the council of ministers. He, and not the Council of Ministers, established general principles of state policy that determined the activities of ministers.

After the attack on Poland on September 1, 1939 ( 1939-09-01 ) by Nazi Germany, the Polish government, led by President Ignacy Mostitsky, fled the country to Romania , crossing the border on the night of September 17, 1939 ( 1939-09-17 ) , but there were interned by the Romanian authorities at the request of Germany. On the same day, the USSR sent its troops to the Curzon line in the eastern part of Poland, occupying its eastern part.

Government of Poland in exile (1939-1990)

The Polish government in exile ( Polish: Rząd RP na uchodźstwie ) is the government of the Republic of Poland , acting after its supreme leadership fled the country in September 1939 during the German occupation . During the war and in the first post-war years, it led the Polish underground state , the formations of the Polish armed forces in the West and the Polish underground in Poland itself ( Craiova Army , Freedom and Independence ). The seat of government were successively Paris (from September 30, 1939 ( 1939-09-30 ) , Angers (from November 1939) and London (from November 1940).

The first head of government on September 30, 1939 ( 1939-09-30 ) was appointed General Vladislav Sikorsky , who created a coalition cabinet, which included representatives of the National Party , Labor Party , People’s Party , Polish Socialist Party and reorganization policies.

On June 28, 1945 ( 1945-06-28 ) , in accordance with the Yalta agreements, the Provisional Government of the Polish Republic was expanded at the expense of figures from Poland itself and Poles from abroad and transformed into the Provisional Government of National Unity . On July 5, 1945 ( 1945-07-05 ) , Great Britain and the United States ceased to recognize this government. Contrary to the statement of the Potsdam Conference in August 1945 that it “no longer exists”, it continued to function. The last states that recognized the emigrant government of Poland were Ireland , Spain, and the Holy See (until 1958). Formally, it completed its activity after Lech Walesa took the oath of office as the President of Poland and transferred him the historical presidential regalia from the exiled president Ryszard Kaczeworski .

Post-war period (1944-1952)

On January 1, 1944 ( 1944-01-01 ) , in contrast to the Polish government in Poland , Craiova Rada Narodova ( Polish Krajowa Rada Narodowa , “state national council”) was created in exile , a political organization that subsequently was transformed into parliament, which lasted until February 4 1947 ( 1947-02-04 ) years.

At that time, when the Red Army crossed the Western Bug , the delegation of the Regional Krai Rada was in the USSR, having the authority to create its own executive body. Such a body with government functions, the Polish Committee for National Liberation (PKNO, Polish Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego ) was formed on July 21, 1944 ( 1944-07-21 ) in Moscow . It included representatives of the Polish Workers' Party , the Union of Polish Patriots , the Polish Socialist Party ( Edward Osubka-Moravsky faction), the People’s Will of the People Party and the Democratic Party . Edward Osubka-Moravsky became the chairman of the Council.

On December 31, 1944 ( 1944-12-31 ) , the PKNO was transformed into the Provisional Government of the Polish Republic (VPRPR), whose chairman was Edward Osubka-Moravsky. The government included representatives of the Polish Workers Party , the Polish Socialist Party , the Democratic Party and the Peasant Party . On February 1, 1945 ( 1945-02-01 ) , the government moved from Lublin to Warsaw . By the end of the war ( May 8, 1945 ( 1945-05-08 )) , it created its own administration throughout Poland (with the exception of Szczecin ), under direct Soviet military command.

On June 28, 1945 ( 1945-06-28 ) , in accordance with the Yalta agreements, the All-Russian Union of Political and Political Entities was expanded to include political figures from Poland itself and Poles from exile, and was transformed into the Provisional Government of National Unity (VPNE), whose chairman again remained Edward Osubka-Moravsky. To the previous coalition members were added the Labor Party and the Polish Peasant Party ^[16] .

VPN resigned on February 6, 1947 ( 1947-02-06 ) the year after the election to the Legislative Diet and the formation of his government Jozef Tsirankevich , who worked until the formation of the first government of the Polish People’s Republic on November 21, 1952 ( 1952-11-21 ) .

People's Republic of Poland (1952-1989)

The People’s Republic of Poland ( Polish. Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa ) is the official name of Poland from 1952 to 1989 . The constitution of the NDP was adopted on July 22, 1952 ( 1952-07-22 ) , significant amendments were introduced in 1976. The legislative body was the unicameral Seimas , elected for 4 years, the collective head of state until 1989 - the State Council , elected by the Seimas for a period of 4 years, since 1989 - the president, the executive body - the Council of Ministers, appointed by the Seimas.

In fact, the state was one-party with the dominance of the Polish United Workers Party . Small parties (mainly the Democratic Party and the United Peasant Party ), as well as trade union, youth and other public organizations, were united into a socio-political organization (also acting as an electoral bloc) - since 1952 it was called the National Front ( Polish Front Narodowy , since 1956 - Front of the Unity of the People ( Polish Front Jedności Narodu ), in 1983 transformed into the Patriotic National Revival Movement ( Polish Patriotyczny Ruch Odrodzenia Narodowego ).

On December 29, 1989 ( 1989-12-29 ) , by amending the constitution of the NDP, the historical name “Rzeczpospolita Polska” (Polish Republic) was returned to the country.

Польская Республика (с 1989)

По́льская Респу́блика , также известна как Третья Речь Посполитая ( польск. Rzeczpospolita Polska, III Rzeczpospolita ) — название Польши, возвращённое ей 29 декабря 1989 ( 1989-12-29 ) года путём внесения изменения в конституцию ПНР.

23 апреля 1992 ( 1992-04-23 ) года был принят «Конституционный закон о порядке подготовки и принятия Конституции Республики Польша», 17 октября 1992 ( 1992-10-17 ) года — «Конституционный закон о взаимных отношениях между законодательной и исполнительной властью, а также территориальном самоуправлении», получивший название Малой конституции . Документ объявлял о прекращении (за некоторым исключением) действия Конституции 1952 года. Закон также предусматривал принятие новой конституции Сеймом и Сенатом. Современная конституция Польши была принята 2 апреля 1997 ( 1997-04-02 ) года и утверждена на референдуме 25 мая 1997 ( 1997-05-25 ) года.

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, large rebel movements arose in Polish lands, proclaiming the restoration of the national Polish state, and therefore forming various kinds of national governments that actually exercised executive power in the controlled territory. In addition, during the Napoleonic wars in Poland there was the Grand Duchy of Warsaw under the protectorate of France, whose government was also perceived by the Poles as national.

Uprising Kosciuszko (1794)

Uprising of Tadeusz Kosciuszko ( Polish: Powstanie kościuszkowskie , insurekcja kościuszkowska ) - an uprising on the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ( 1794 ), which at that time included parts of modern Polish, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Lithuanian and Latvian lands.

The constitution , proclaimed at the Warsaw Diet on May 3, 1791 ( 1791-05-03 ) , aroused discontent among tycoons and gentry. At the congress in Targovitsa, they declared the constitution illegitimate and formed a confederation to fight King Stanislav . After the adoption of Empress Catherine II under the protection of the Confederates, the Russo-Polish War began , and soon the king obeyed the demands of the Confederates. However, part of the nobility prepared and started the uprising, whose leader Tadeusz Kosciuszko was elected. On March 16, 1794 ( 1794-03-16 ) , the inhabitants of Krakow proclaimed him the dictator of the republic; the Act of Rebellion was proclaimed, giving him full power in the country. On April 19, 1794 ( 1794-04-19 ) , after the liberation of Warsaw, the Provisional Council was formed for the management of Warsaw and surrounding areas. On May 10, 1794 ( 1794-05-10 ) , in the camp near Polanets , as the central civil authority, Kosciuszko founded the Higher National Council , a collegial body consisting of 8 advisers ( Polish radców ) and 32 deputies. Decisions were to be taken by a minimum of 5 advisers together. Most of the formally appointed advisers were actually replaced by certain deputies.

The Russian and Prussian troops who entered the territory of the Commonwealth soon inflicted a military defeat on the rebels; On September 28, 1794 ( 1794-09-28 ) , after the battle of Macejevice , Kosciuszko was captured, on October 25, 1794 ( 1794-10-25 ) , the capitulation of the rebels was signed.

Duchy of Warsaw (1807–1813)

The Grand Duchy of Warsaw ( Polish: Księstwo Warszawskie ) is a state formed in 1807 by the Tilsit Peace (concluded between June 13 (25) and June 25 ( July 7 ) 1807 ) from the territories that departed during the Second and Third sections of the Speech Commonwealth to Prussia and the Austrian Empire . It was a protectorate of France .

The Constitution of the Duchy was approved by Napoleon on July 22, 1807 ( 1807-07-22 ) in Dresden . The king of Saxony, Frederick Augustus I , was appointed duke, with his approval of the government, the Council of State and the bicameral parliament. The use of the words Poland, Polish in the political sense was not allowed.

The first provisional government of the duchy, appointed by decree of Napoleon, was the Governing Commission ( Polish. Komisja Rządząca ) consisting of 8 members (president - Stanislav Malakhovsky ), who worked from January 11, 1807 ( 1807-01-11 ) to October 5, 1807 ( 1807-10-05 ) . Later, councils of ministers were formed in the duchy, headed by their presidents ( Polish. Prezes Rady Ministrów ).

The duchy lasted until 1813, when its territory was occupied by the troops of the Sixth Coalition . On May 3, 1815 ( 1815-05-03 ) , the Vienna Congress approved the division of the Duchy: Krakow became a Free City ; Wieliczka went to Austria, Greater Poland to Prussia, to Russia a larger territory where the Kingdom of Poland was formed.

The November Uprising (1830-1831)

The Kingdom of Poland ( Polish: Królestwo Polskie , Kingdom of Poland), formed on April 21 ( May 3 ), 1815 by the Vienna Congress , transferred to Alexander I and in personal union with the Russian Empire , received the Constitution on November 15 ( 27 ), 1815 . In addition to designating the created state as a hereditary monarchy, “forever connected with the Russian Empire” and asserting Polish rights (conducting all office work in Polish, filling all government posts with Poles, confirming the rights of the Roman Catholic Church), a special regime was established that belonged entirely to the king of the executive branch: all royal orders and decrees had to be sealed by the signature of the minister, who should be responsible for everything that could be in them rotational constitution. Governing Body ( polish. Rada Administracyjna ), as an executive body, consisted of five commissions; each member of the Governing Body was considered a minister; several of them were members of each commission.

During the uprising that began , after the first armed uprising on November 17 ( 29 ), 1830 , the Governing Body defined the coup as an “unfortunate” event. However, on November 18 ( 30 ), 1830 , the “Patriotic Club” was formed, having sought to purge the council and replace a number of ministers. On November 22 ( December 4 ), 1830 , the Provisional Government was formed (which was headed by Prince Adam Czartoryski ), on December 9 ( 21 ), 1830 , replaced by the Supreme National Council appointed by dictator Jozef Grzegorz Hlopicki . On January 18 ( 30 ), 1831 , the Sejm approved the composition of the first national government.

On January 13 ( 25 ), 1831 , the Sejm adopted an act on the detronization of Nicholas and the prohibition of the Romanov dynasty to occupy the Polish throne , after which the military expedition of the Russian army began. The suppression of the uprising and the establishment of military control over Poland as a whole was completed by October 1831. On February 14 ( 26 ), 1832 , the Constitution was replaced by the Organic Statute of the Kingdom of Poland , according to which it was declared part of Russia, and the Sejm and the Polish army were abolished.

Cracow Uprising (1846)

The Krakow uprising ( Polish Powstanie krakowskie ) took place in the Free City of Krakow from February 21, 1846 ( 1846-02-21 ) to March 4, 1846 ( 1846-03-04 ) . It was supposed to be an element of the general Polish uprising on the territory of Great Poland , the Free City of Krakow, Galicia and Congress Poland , but everywhere, except Krakow, it was prevented or suppressed in its first manifestations.

In Krakow on February 22, 1846 ( 1846-02-22 ) , the National Government of the Republic of Poland was created recognized by most public figures sympathizing with the ideas of the uprising. Initially, it was led by a triumvirate of representatives of Krakow, Galicia and Congress Poland, and from February 24, 1846 ( 1846-02-24 ) , Jan Jozef Tyssovsky with the powers of a dictator . They controlled the Council of Ministers led by Ludwik Goszkowski .

On March 3, 1846 ( 1846-03-03 ) , the city was first occupied by Austrian and then Russian troops, the work of government agencies was discontinued.

The January Uprising (1863–1864)

The Polish uprising of 1863 , or the January uprising ( Polish: Powstanie styczniowe ) is a gentry uprising on the lands of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , which went to the Russian Empire , namely in the Kingdom of Poland , the North-Western Territory and in Volhynia . The uprising was aimed at restoring the Commonwealth within the borders of 1772. It began on January 9 ( 21 ), 1863 and lasted until June 6 ( 18 ), 1864 .

The uprising was triggered by the unveiling in Warsaw of the leading center during its preparation and deployment, the Central National Committee (CSC, Polish Centralny Komitet Narodowy ), the January 22 manifesto announcing its beginning. The manifesto transformed the Central Executive Committee into the Provisional National Government ( Polish: Tymczasowy Rząd Narodowy ), which had the right to assign dictatorial powers to the organizers of the armed struggle. The first National Government was transformed from provisional April 28 ( May 10 ) 1863 under the leadership of Agaton Hiller , and the latter ceased operations on March 29 ( April 10 ) 1864 after the arrest of Romuald Traugutt . Later, the rebels imitated the creation of several more governments, using the presence of rebel seals.

• President of Poland

• Kancelaria Prezesa Rady Ministrów (польск.) . The appeal date is April 4, 2014.
• Список руководителей Польши (англ.)