Monemvasia [2] [3] , also Monemvasia [4] ( Greek Μονεμβασία [1] ) is a Byzantine fortress and village in Greece . It is located on the island of the same name, connected by a narrow dam [4] with the Peloponnese . The name of the fortress comes from the Greek “moni embasia” ( μόνη ἐμπασία ), which means “one entrance”. The village is located in the south of the island on the coast of the Aegean Sea . Included in the community (dim) Monemvasia in the peripheral unit of Laconia in the periphery of the Peloponnese . The population of 19 inhabitants according to the 2011 census [1] .
| Village | |
| Monemvasia | |
|---|---|
| Greek Μονεμβασία | |
 View of Monemvasia from the sea | |
| A country |  Greece |
| Periphery | Peloponnese |
| Peripheral unit | Laconia |
| Community | Monemvasia |
| History and Geography | |
| First mention | 723 |
| Former names | Napoli di Malvasia, Malvasia |
| Center height | |
| Timezone | and |
| Population | |
| Population | 19 [1] people ( 2011 ) |
| Official language | Greek |
| Digital identifiers | |
| Telephone code | +30 27320 |
| Postcode | 230 70 |
| Car code | ΑΚ |
Pausanias describes Cape Minoah ( dr. Greek ἄκρα Μινῴα ) [5] . The rock on which the city is located was formed in the year 375 as a result of a powerful earthquake [6] , mentioned by the Byzantine historian Zosimus , which seriously changed the eastern coast of Laconia . In 1971, the mainland and the rock on which the village is located were connected by a road bridge.
In the Frankish period, it was known as Napoli di Malvasia ( Italian: Napoli di Malvasia ) or Malvasia [7] ( Latin Malvasia , Greek Μαλβαζία ) and was the center of trade in Greek wines, called Malvasian [4] [6] . Under the name Malvasia ( French Malvoisie ) known liquor wine [8] and wine grape variety [9] .
History
The main source on the history of the foundation and further development in earlier medieval times is the Monemvasia Chronicle . In 550, Belisarius , the military leader of Justinian I, estimated the military potential of fortification on a rock [6] . The first inhabitants of Monemvasia came from Laconia, fleeing the Avar invasion, in 558 during the reign of the Emperor of Mauritius [6] .
Saint Willibald , the future disciple of Boniface , who made a pilgrimage to Rome and Jerusalem in 723 [6] , records his voyage past Greece:
"And sailing from there, sailed across the Adriatic Sea to the city of Monemvasia, in the land of the Slavs, and left Corinth on the left side."
Judging by the record, the southernmost extremity of the Peloponnese was considered at that time “the land of the Slavs”.
During the reign of Constantine V in 746, Theophanes noted a pandemic in the city, known as the Justinian plague and penetrated from Sicily and Calabria “like a devastating fire” [6] [10] [11] .
Around 878, the lower city was fortified and used as the base of the Byzantine fleet in the war with the Arabs. In 961, the Cretan emirate ceased to exist and the attacks of the Arabs ceased [6] .
In 1147, the Sicilian Normans made an unsuccessful attempt to seize Monemvasia.
After the fall of Constantinople in 1204, during the Fourth Crusade, Monemvasia remained free from conquest [6] [11] . After a three-year siege by the crusaders under the command of Guillaume II de Villardouin, the city surrendered and in 1248 [11] became part of the Achaean Principality .
At the Battle of Pelagonia in 1259, Guillaume II de Villardouin was captured by Michael VIII Palaeologist . In order to regain freedom, the Achaean prince had to cede Byzantium to Monemvasius, Main and Mystra under an agreement of 1262 [11] . In the same year, the Morean despotate was formed [11] . Monemvasia became the center of the war against the crusaders. In Monemvasia, the army of Konstantin Palaeologos landed, sent from Constantinople by Michael VIII Palaeologus [6] .
In 1292, the Aragonese admiral Ruggiero di Lauria destroyed the lower city and brought many inhabitants, including women, skilled weavers and silk spinners [6] , as captives, to the Italian Messina .
The ruler of Monemvasia, Pavel Mamon ( Παύλος Μαμωνάς ) was the enemy of the despot Theodore I Paleologue [6] [12] . In 1385, the Turks captured Monemvasia, led by Omar Bey, General Bayazid I , and transferred it to the Paleologist [6] . In 1397, the Turkish army, led by Yakub Pasha and Evrenos- Bey, captured and plundered Monemvasia [12] . In 1401, Emperor Manuel II Paleolog on the way to Western Europe left the Empress with two children in Monemvasia under the protection of his brother, despot Theodore I [12] .
7 years after the capture of Constantinople, on May 30, 1460, the Mystra fortress voluntarily surrendered to the troops of Mehmet the Conqueror , the Mores despotate ceased to exist [11] . Residents of Monemvasia turned to Pope Pius II with a request for patronage [6] . In 1464, the city passed under the rule of the Venetian Republic [11] .
In 1540 [11] Monemvasia was handed over to the Ottoman Empire by the Venetian Doge Pietro Lando at the end of the fourth Venetian-Turkish war . Residents left Monemvasia, it fell into decay [6] .
In 1690, the city was besieged by land and from the sea by the Venetians, led by Admiral Francesco Morozini, and on August 18, the Turks concluded a treaty with the Venetians by which they passed Monemvasia to them. Residents return to Monemvasia [6] .
September 7, 1715 during the Second Sea War, Monemvasia without a fight went to the Ottoman Empire . Monemvasia is being abandoned by the inhabitants, it fell into decay [6] .
In 1770, Monemvasia was destroyed by the Albanians during the Peloponnesian uprising and abandoned by the inhabitants [6] .
In March 1821, during the Greek War of Independence from the Ottoman Empire, the fortress was besieged by two thousand rebels from among the inhabitants of Laconia and Kinuria , led by Zanetakides ( Τζανετάκηδες ), Grigorakides ( Γρηγοράκηδες ) and Vuzanara on July 18 ( July 18) . a three-month siege, the fortress was captured by rebels.6 The Turkish garrison was completely cut out.
Community of Monemvasia
The local community of Monemvasia includes three localities. The population of 1418 residents according to the 2011 census [1] . The area is 12.55 square kilometers [13] .
| Locality | Population (2011) [1] , people |
|---|---|
| Ayia Kiriaki | 100 |
| Ether | 1299 |
| Monemvasia | nineteen |
Population
| Year | Population |
|---|---|
| 1991 | 69 [14] |
| 2001 | 131 [14] |
| 2011 | ↘ 19 [1] |
Attractions
The Church of Hagia Sophia was built during the reign of Emperor Andronicus II Paleologue around 1150 [6] [15] . The most visible building in Monemvasia. Located in the upper city at the highest point of the cliff. During Turkish rule it was transformed into a mosque [6] . The church was restored in the 1950s .
The Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary Chrysafitis was erected in the 15th century on the site of an older church. The church houses the icon of Panagia or Hodegetria of 1150 [6] , which gave it a name. The name of the icon itself comes from the laconic village of Chrysapha ( Χρύσαφα ), where it was before appearing in Monemvasia. Under the church is the only miraculous spring in the city, the water of which, according to legend, contributes to the conception of children. During Turkish rule, the church was looted and turned into a warehouse for wheat. A bathhouse was built on the site of one of the buildings.
The Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary Mirtidiotis was built in 1690 during the second Venetian rule.
The Church of St. Nicholas was built in 1703 during the Venetian rule [6] . Subsequently, it was plundered by the Turks. After the Greek Revolution of 1821, it was used for many years as an elementary school. A native of Monemvasia, Yannis Ritsis , a famous Greek poet and participant in the Greek Resistance during World War II, studied at this school. He is buried in this city.
The Cathedral of the Crucifixion of Christ (Elkomenos Christ) was founded in 1293 by Emperor Andronicus II Paleolog, after his visit to Monemvasia. Located in the central square of the city. It is the largest temple in the city. In 1697, the cathedral was rebuilt by the Venetians [6] .
Also here are the church of St. Stephen of the XIX century, the church of Panagia or Criticia of the XVIII century and the church of St. Anne [6] .
5 kilometers northwest in Pori ( Πορί ) on the coast is the beach of the same name [6] . 6 kilometers northwest are the ruins of the ancient city of Epidaurus Limera ( Επίδαυρος Λιμηρά ). 20 kilometers south is the ancient city of Boya ( Βοιαί , Vatica, Βάτικα , now Neapolis [3] , Νεάπολη ) [6] .
Natives
- Photius (d. 1431) - Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, revered by the Russian Orthodox Church in the guise of a saint.
See also
- Andronikov icon of the Mother of God .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Πίνακας αποτελεσμάτων Μόνιμου Πληθυσμού-Απογραφής 2011 (Greek) . Ελληνική Στατιστική Αρχή (20 Μαρτίου 2014). Date of treatment October 22, 2017.
- ↑ Monemvasia // Dictionary of geographical names of foreign countries / ed. ed. A.M. Komkov . - 3rd ed., Revised. and add. - M .: Nedra , 1986. - S. 209-243.
- ↑ 1 2 Greece: Reference card: Scale 1: 1 000 000 / hl. ed. Y. A. Topchiyan ; Ed .: G. A. Skachkova , N. N. Ryumin . - M .: Roskartografiya, Omsk Cartographic Factory , 2001. - (The countries of the world "Europe"). - 2000 copies.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Monemvasia // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Pausanias . Description of Hellas. III, 23, 7
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Μονεμβασία (Greek) . Δήμος Μονεμβασιάς. Date of treatment October 23, 2017.
- ↑ Johann Jacob Hofmann . Monembasia // Lexicon Universale . - Leiden, 1698. - Vol. 3: M — Q. - P. 199.
- ↑ Malvasia // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Madera, wine // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Theophanes . Chronology. 738.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Greece. Part I // Orthodox Encyclopedia . - M .: Church Scientific Center "Orthodox Encyclopedia" , 2006. - T. XII. - S. 355-391. - 752 s. - 39,000 copies. - ISBN 5-89572-017-X .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Medvedev, I.P. From the History of Mystras // Byzantine Temporary . - 1967. - T. XXVII (52) . - S. 131-141 .
- ↑ Απογραφή πληθυσμού - κατοικιών της 18ης μαρτίου 2001 (μόνιμος πληθυσμός) (Greek) . - Πειραιάς: Εθνική στατιστική υπηρεσία της Ελλάδας , 2009. - Τ. I. - Σ. 365 . - ISSN 1106-5761 .
- ↑ 1 2 Μόνιμος και Πραγματικός Πληθυσμός της Ελλάδος. Σύνολο Ελλάδος, νομοί, δήμοι / κοινότητες, δημοτικα / κοινοτικά διαμερίσμα και οικισμοί. Απογραφές πληθυσμού 2001 και 1991 (Greek) (unavailable link) . Ελληνική Στατιστική Αρχή . Date of treatment June 22, 2017. Archived July 16, 2006.
- ↑ Greece. Part II // Orthodox Encyclopedia . - M .: Church Scientific Center "Orthodox Encyclopedia" , 2006. - T. XII. - S. 391-427. - 752 s. - 39,000 copies. - ISBN 5-89572-017-X .