George I ( Georgian გიორგი I ) ( 998/1002 - August 16, 1027 ) - king of Georgia ( 1014 - 1027 ) from the Bagration dynasty. For most of his reign, he waged war on the Byzantine Empire .
| George I | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| გიორგი I | |||||||
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| Predecessor | Bagrat III | ||||||
| Successor | Bagrat IV | ||||||
| Birth | 998 or 1002 | ||||||
| Death | August 16, 1027 Trialeti | ||||||
| Burial place | Bagrat Temple , Kutaisi | ||||||
| Kind | Bagration | ||||||
| Birth name | |||||||
| Father | Bagrat III | ||||||
| Spouse | 1) Mariam 2) Alda | ||||||
| Children | from 1st marriage son: Bagrat IV daughters: Guranducht, Kata and Marta from 2nd marriage son: Dmitry | ||||||
| Religion | Orthodoxy , Georgian Church | ||||||
Content
Beginning of the board
George I was born in 998 , or, according to a later version of the Georgian chronicles, in 1002 [1] , in Abkhazia or Iberia (Western Georgia) [2] . By 1010, King Bagrat III was able to defeat his rivals - the rulers of Kakheti and Hereti, adding these possessions to his kingdom [3] . After the death of his father Bagrat III on May 7, 1014, [4] George, at the age of 16 [5] inherited the kingdoms of Abkhazia , Kartli and Kakheti , united in a single state [6] . Thus, the father of the young prince, who managed to expand the influence of Georgia on the Armenian [7] and North Caucasian lands [8] , turned out to be one of the most powerful monarchs of the Caucasus [9] .
Like its predecessor, George I bore the title " king of Abkhazians and Georgians ."
Aznauri (nobles), described in Georgian chronicles as “treacherous” [5] , who lived in privileged conditions when Kakheti was independent and were exiled to Western Georgia by King Bagrat III in 1010 [10] , rebelled against the power of the young king and unity country. They (their names are unknown) took hostage the governors ( eristavi ), appointed by the tsarist government from Kutaisi [5] , calling for the restoration of Kakheti independence, as in previous times.
Since the king was young, the highest nobility considered that she could act independently. Thus, the eastern regions of Kakheti and Hereti broke away from the Georgian state under the leadership of Kvirike III the Great [11] , who also captured part of Arran . George I was forced to make an alliance with him, being unable to return these areas to his power.
Tsar George I was also forced to remove “Ran” and “Kakh” from his father’s title, retaining only the following title “King of Abkhazians and Kartvels” (full title: “King of Abkhazians, Kartvels, Wounds, Kakhs and Armenians”) [12] .
Georgia's influence in the Caucasus
When Bagrat III died in 1014, the Georgian kingdom can be described as "the main force of the Caucasus." Indeed, at that time only a few states could claim this. The North Caucasian tribes were influenced by Georgia on the basis of suzerainty, although some tribes (such as the Alans) were de facto outside the jurisdiction of the Bagration [8] .
It should be noted that when Bagrat III did not manage to completely complete the political unification of the country and strengthen the central power of the monarch. Tbilisi with the areas adjacent to the city was still in the hands of the Arab Emir [13] .
War with Byzantium
The main political and military event during the reign of George I was the war with Byzantium . The conflict was initiated by the uprising of David III Kuropalat against the emperor Basil II , as a result of which, after the death of David III, Tao-Klarjeti and the neighboring lands had to retreat back to the Byzantine Empire. David's successor, Bagrat III, failed to prevent this return. In 1015 - 1016, George I occupied the Tao-Klarjeti, having entered into an alliance with the Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim , whose actions forced Vasily II to refrain from an immediate response to the Georgian attack.
At that time, Byzantium was occupied by the war with the Western Bulgarian kingdom , which connected its forces in the west. However, after the death of Al-Hakim, when Bulgaria was already conquered, Basil II sent his troops against Georgia ( 1021 ). The war, which lasted for two years, ended with the victory of Byzantium and a peace, the conditions of which were not only the refusal of Georgia to claim Tao-Klarjeti, but also on some south-western regions of the Georgian state. In addition, the three-year-old son of George I, Bagrat , became a hostage to Emperor Basil II for two years (until 1025 ). Subsequently, Constantine VIII wanted to return him back to Constantinople , but he refused. All this, together with the conspiracy, organized by the archon Vaspurakan with the alleged participation of George I, worsened Byzantine-Georgian relations.
The war had extremely negative consequences for the Armenian kingdom . Being an ally of George I, the Armenian king Hovhannes-Smbat , after the defeat, bequeathed the Armenian kingdom of Byzantium by signing the Trebizond agreement with the hand of Catholicos Petros I Getadar.
George I did not have time to avenge defeat, as he unexpectedly died in Trialeti on August 16, 1027 . He was buried in the Kutaisi temple of Bagrat .
Family
George I was married twice:
- on the Armenian princess Mariam, daughter of the Vaspurakan king Senekerim Artsruni , in this marriage were born:
- Bagrat IV Tsar of Georgia (1027-1072)
- Gurandukht, a princess, was married to the Armenian prince Smbat Bagratuni , the son of David I, king of the Tashir-Dzoraget kingdom
- Kata, the princess, was married to Abas I Bagratuni , king of Kars (984-1029)
- Martha, Princess.
- his second marriage was married to Alan Alde [14] , who gave birth to his son Demeter, with whom they lived in Anacopia after the death of George I and who in 1032 after an unsuccessful uprising against his half-brother gave the city to the Byzantines [15] .
Ancestors
Notes
- ↑ Selon le fait que Georges Ier est devenu roi à l'âge de 18 ans. Selon Cyrille Toumanoff, Les dynasties de la Caucasie chrétienne de l'Antiquité jusqu'au XIXe siècle: Tables généalogiques et chronologiques, Rome, 1990, p. 134, il naît en 1006.
- ↑ Foundation for Medieval Genealogy, “ Georgia - Gurgen I of Kartli ” [archive] (consulté le 27 juillet 2009).
- ↑ Marie-Félicité Brosset, Histoire de la Géorgie, de l'Antiquité au XIXe siècle, Saint-Pétersbourg, 1848-1858, p. 299.
- ↑ Marie-Félicité Brosset, op. cit., p. 302.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Marie-Félicité Brosset, op. cit., p. 310.
- ↑ René Grousset, Histoire de l'Arménie des origines à 1071, Paris, Payot, 1947 (réimpr. 1973, 1984, 1995, 2008), 644 p., P. 516.
- ↑ Marie Félicité Brosset, op. cit., p. 301, et note 1.
- ↑ 1 2 David Mouskhelichvili, Atlas de l'Histoire de la Géorgie, Tbilissi, 2003, p. 20.
- ↑ René Grousset, Histoire de l'Arménie des origines à 1071, Paris, Payot, 1947 (réimpr. 1973, 1984, 1995, 2008), 644 p., P. 537.
- ↑ Marie-Félicité Brosset, op. cit, p. 299.
- ↑ Vahushti Bagrationi . The emergence and life of Kakheti and Hereti. Part 1. // History of the kingdom of Georgia . - Tb. , 1976. Archived on September 5, 2010. Archived September 5, 2010 on the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Nodar Assatiani et Otar Janelidze, History of Georgia, Tbilissi, 2009, p. 176.
- ↑ History of Georgia in 3 volumes. Volume 1 (from ancient times to the 60s of the XIX century). Editorial Board: N.A. Berdzenishvili (editor-in-chief), V.D. Dondua, G.A. Melikishvili. Tbilisi, (1962), p. 69.
- ↑ Alania (Ossetia) and the missionary activity of St. Andrey
- ↑ Abkhazia: Anakopia fortress.
Literature
- George, Georgian kings // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Lortkipanidze M. Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia, T. 3, p. 158. Tbilisi, 1978 (in Georgian. Language).
- Lortkipanidze M. Encyclopedia "Sakartvelo" (Georgia), T. 2. Tbilisi, 2012 (in Georgian. Language).
- Lortkipanidze M., Metreveli R. “Kings of Georgia”. 2007 (in Georgian language).