The image of Hetman Mazepa in fiction

Performances with the image of Mazepa on the theatrical stages of the world began in America ^[1] , and then continued in Europe (especially in Germany, France and England) and only in the second half of the nineteenth century reached Russia. During these productions, with the light hand of G. Payne, L. Kumevier and G. M. Milner , the hetman Mazepa was transformed into a Tatar prince, and then became associated with a naked horseman who rushes on a horse in the wild steppe. For the intrigue of the audience, Mazepa was even turned into a woman. This idea belongs to the American ipressario John Smith, who proposed the performance of such a role to actress Ada Isaac Mencken.

Among the main stage genres that represented Mazepa's image were dramas, tragedies, pantomimes, operas - puff, as well as hypodrama and horse jokes:

• “The Great Idea” - a theatrical performance at Carnegie Hall , staged by a committee of the League of Ukrainian Youth of North America, ( New York , 1949);
• “Hetman Ivan Mazepa: Three Pictures from the Life of the Great Hetman” - theatrical performance at Carnegie Hall, staged by the Committee of the League of Ukrainian Youth of North America, (New York, 1959);
• “Crucified Mazepa” - a play by Ivan Ogienko (Canada);

• "Ivan Mazepa" - a drama by L. Staritskaya - Chernyakhovskaya was banned in Ukraine and was never staged until independence;
• “Mazepa” - a drama by O. Shatkovsky (1898);
• "Maroussia Kochubey and Mazepa" - a play by O. Desyatnikov - Vasiliev (1901);
• “Mazepa and Paley” - a play by O. Lednev (1904);
• “Mazepa - Little Russian Hetman” - a play by B. Brodozlov (1909);
• “Mazepa” - a play by L. Manka (1911);
• “Mazepa” - a play by K. Karpatsky (1912);
• “Mazepa” - a play by O. Sagaidachny (1918);
• “Mazepa” - a play by P. Kononenko (1919);
• "Mazepa" - a theatrical production based on the works of B. Lepky . It was shown in Lvov occupied by the Germans during the Second World War;
• “Mazepa” - theatrical production of the M. Zamkovetskaya Theater (Lviv, 1992).

The image of the hetman Mazepa was widely used not only in foreign literature, but also in the works of Russian and Ukrainian writers:

• "Mazepa" - a Hugo poem;
• “Mazepa, the leader of the Ukrainian Cossacks” - a novel, the author is unknown;
• “Memories of Azem” - fiction by A. d'Ovril;
• “ Poltava ” is a poem by A. S. Pushkin. In his poem, Alexander Pushkin draws the image of the hetman Mazepa as a traitor and traitor to Tsar Peter the Great. At the same time, according to some modern Ukrainian historians, Pushkin indicated in the poem that the true goal of the hetman was to gain independence by Ukraine:

Without sweet liberty and glory
We bowed for a long time chapters
Under the auspices of Warsaw,
Under the autocracy of Moscow.
But an independent power
It is time to be ukraine:
And the bloody liberty banner
I rise to Peter. Pushkin A. S. "Poltava "

• " Mazepa " Byron's poem: The poem has little to do with the biography of the hetman, the central episode is the young Mazepa, the page of the Polish king Jan II Casimir, naked, they tied a horse to the steppe naked, in punishment for communication with the nobleman's wife. The image of a naked lad on the back of an animal has become a popular topic for French artists of the Romantic period. On the theme of the poem, paintings were created by such outstanding masters as Gericault , Delacroix , Vernet and Boulanger . This image, in the opinion of I. S. Kon , in painting " gave scope to the sadomasochistic imagination, usually only women were represented in such a pose, for example, depicting the abduction of Europe . " ^[2]
• “Mazepa” is a historical novel by the Russian writer F. Bulgarin (1834);
• "Mazepa" - a poem by the German author G. Shtebin (1844);
• "King of the steppe" - the German author A. May (1849);
• "Mazepa" - German author T. Leys (1850);
• "Mazepa or the wild horses of Ukraine" - a poem by an unknown German author;
• “Mazepa or the Enemies” - German author K. Kostin (1855);
• “The Battle of Poltava” - by the German author K. Stark (1855);
• “Mazepa” - a drama by the German writer R. Gottschall (1859);
• "Mazepa" - the German author A. Mutzelburg (1860);
• "Mazepa" - the German author A. Sonderman (1860);

• “Mazepa” - by the Polish author J. Slowacki (1834);
• “Pan Hetman Mazepa. Historical novel ”- by the Polish author F. Ravita - Gvronsky;
• "Hetman Mazepa or the struggle for the crown" - Polish author B. Kurhan;
• “Mazepa and his Ambassador” - by the Swedish author V. von Gaidenstam;
• "Ivan Mazepa" - Czech author I. Fritsch;
• “Mazepa in Moldova” - Moldavian author G. Asaki;
• "Youth of Mazepa" - Ukrainian author M. Staritsky;
• “Mazepa” - a poem by Ukrainian author V. Sosyury ;
• “Baturin” - the story of the Ukrainian author B. Lepky;
• “Mazepa, Ukrainian Hetman” - a poem by the Ukrainian author Stepan Rudansky ;
• “Time of Troubles" - a historical chronicle, Nikolai Zadonsky .

Famous pieces of music on the theme of Mazepa:

• “Mazepa” - a symphonic poem by Franz Liszt (according to Hugo, 1851) and his piano sketch from the cycle “Studies of the Highest Mastery” (“Transcendental”);
• “Mazepa” - the opera of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (according to Pushkin, 1883);

It was first staged on February 3 (15), 1884 at the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow and at the same time at the Mariinsky Theater in St. Petersburg on February 19, 1884. In 1885, the opera was staged in Tiflis. In 1903, renewed at the Mariinsky Theater. On the Soviet stage was first staged October 6, 1922 , Moscow , Zimin Opera House . May 14, 1934 staged at the Bolshoi Theater, in 1934 at the Leningrad Opera and Ballet Theater, in 1949 at the branch of the Bolshoi Theater, in 1950 at the Leningrad Opera and Ballet Theater. Kirov. Delivered to other cities of the USSR: Kiev (1933), Kuibyshev (1939), Saransk (1946), Yerevan , Sverdlovsk , Alma-Ata (all in 1949) and others. Abroad: Liverpool (1888), Warsaw (1912), Wiesbaden (1931), New York (1933), Vienna (1933), Prague (1934), Sofia (1937). Florence (1954) and others; recently - in Bern, Karlsruhe, Lyon, Milan, New York, Edinburgh. “Mazepa” - opera by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

• “Mazepa” - an overture by J. Matthias (1876);
• “Mazepa” - study - gallop of A. Kidan (1878);
• “Mazepa” - cantata of O. Titov;
• "Mazepa" - incomplete vocal quartet of S. Rachmaninov (1890);
• “Mazepa” - opera Marie de Granval (1892);

During the 30s of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, the best composers of Europe and Russia dedicated music to the hetman Mazepa:

• Campana F. - Bologna (1850);
• Pourney S. - Paris (1872);
• Mingheimer A. - Warsaw (1875);
• Pedrel F. - Madrid (1881);
• Meir - Lac - London (1885);
• Cohen - Linaru - Bucharest (1890);
• Fitingof - Shel - St. Petersburg (1859);

3 feature films were shot about Hetman Mazepa:

• “Mazepa” - a silent short film by Vasily Goncharov based on the poem by A. S. Pushkin “Poltava” (1909);
• “ Mazepa ” - a film by Pyotr Chardynin based on the poem by Juliusz Slovacki . Actors: Arseny Bibikov (King Jan Casimir), Ivan Mozhuhin (Mazepa, a nobleman from the King's retinue), Edward Pukhalsky (voivode), Nadezhda Nelskaya (Amelia), N. Nikolsky (Zbignev) (1914);
• “Prayer for Hetman Mazepa” is a Ukrainian full-length film shot at the Dovzhenko Film Studio by director Yuriy Ilyenko . The film, according to the Minister of Culture of the Russian Federation Mikhail Shvydkoi, is anti-Russian ^[3] . The appearance of the film is dictated by the policy of Ukraine to promote the personality of Mazepa ^[4] .

3 popular science films were shot about hetman Mazepa:

• “Getman Ivan Mazepa” - directed by O. Skrypnik, scientific consultants V. Chub, G. Yarov (1992);

The image of Mazepa in the film by O. Skrypnik was first presented not as an image of a traitor and traitor, created over the centuries by Russian and Soviet propaganda, but as an image of a statesman in the difficult conditions of existence of Ukraine. At the same time, the authors of the film left the excessive "sanctification" of Ivan Mazepa. The authors showed the significance of the figure of the hetman, the complexity and inconsistency of his actions, which will always be evaluated by the audience in different ways. ^[5]

• “ Anathema ” - directed by L. Anichkin, cameraman A. Solopai, script by V. Shevchenko, in the role of Ivan Mazepa - Bogdan Stupka (1993);

In the film "Anathema", the authors used previously unknown and inaccessible sources about the hetman Mazepa. As a result, the authors stated that it was impossible to continue to consider the hetman Mazepa a traitor and concluded in the film that one who considers Ivan Mazepa a traitor is himself an enemy of the idea of ​​independence of Ukraine. ^[5]

• “ Ivan Mazepa ” - director of the film, lecturer at the Department of Cinema and Television of the Kiev Theater Institute, member of the National Union of Cinematographers of Ukraine V. Veter. The film consists of 5 parts of 15 minutes each. The film used Ukrainian, Swedish, Polish and Russian sources. The presentation of the film took place on November 10, 2007 on the All-Ukrainian television channel Channel 5 (2007). ^[6] .

A significant number of paintings have been preserved depicting the Hetman Mazepa, which are stored in museums in different countries, including Ukraine. A feature of these paintings is that the face of Ivan Mazepa in the paintings does not coincide. According to the researcher of portraits of the hetman Mazepa Larisa Shendrik, the most likely is the image of the hetman in the picture, which is stored in Gripsholm (Sweden):

• “Portrait of Hetman Ivan Mazepa” - an unknown artist, the picture is stored in the castle Gripsholm, (Sweden);
• “Old Mazepa tells his story to Karl XII” - artists A. Deveria, Yu. Kossak;
• “Flour of Mazepa” - artist L. Bulyange;
• "Mazepa on a dying horse." Eugene Delacroix . (1824, Helsinki, Athenaeum )
• " Mazepa among the wolves ." Horace Vernet . (1826). Copy of D.F. Herring (1833, Tate Gallery);
• "Mazepa among the horses." Horace Vernet. Copy of D.F. Herring (1833);
• “Punishment of Mazepa” - artist Boulanger;
• “Cossacks find Mazepa” - artist E. Harpenter;
• “Hetman Ivan Mazepa” - etching by Norblen de la Gorden (XVIII century).

  In Norblen Mazepa is depicted in an unusual form, which distinguishes this portrait from a series of other portraits. Mazepa’s clothes consist of a cloak, lowered to one shoulder, on the head there is a high hat decorated with a feather, a chain with a medallion on the neck. The main difference is the lack of a mustache and beard, characteristic of that time. Here the beard is divided into two cosmas, the eyes are sharp and soulful. This image creates something demonic in Mazepa's appearance. ^[7]

  ;
• “Hetman Ivan Mazepa” - artist I. N. Nikitin , is kept in the Chernihiv Historical Museum. In Russia, this picture is known with the name "Portrait of a floor hetman";
• “Portrait of Hetman Ivan Mazepa” - an unknown artist, kept in the Sumy Orblast Regional Museum;
• “Portrait of Hetman Ivan Mazepa” - artist S. I. Vasilkovsky (1901), is kept in the National Museum of Art of Ukraine;
• “Portrait of the Hetman Ivan Mazepa” - artist V. M. Masyutin (Berlin, 1933);
• “Mazepa” - artist Johann Schünberg, 19th century (Vienna);
• “Karl XII, Mazepa and Ponyatovsky after the Battle of Poltava” - artist YG. Penzel (1793);
• "Mazepa, attached to a horse" - an unknown artist (XIX century), is stored in the Pavlikovsky collection;
• “Departure of Hetman Ivan Mazepa from Baturin” - artist N. Somko, is kept in the National Art Museum of Ukraine;
• “Portrait of Hetman Ivan Mazepa” - artist F. Gumeniuk, kept in the National Historical and Cultural Reserve “Hetman's Capital”;

• “Hetman Ivan Mazepa” - artist S. Lutsik - is kept in the Lviv Scientific Library of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine;
• “Portrait of Ivan Mazepa” - an unknown artist, kept in the Museum of Ivan Frank (Lviv);
• “Portrait of Ivan Mazepa in armor with St. Andrew’s ribbon” - unknown artist (XVII century), kept in the Dnepropetrovsk Art Museum;
• “Portrait of Jan Mazepa” - artist M. Bernigerot;
• “Revenge of Mazepa” - artist A. Baugin;
• “The death of Mazepa in Bender” - artist P. Chirok;
• “Motrya and Mazepa” - artist N. Buryak;
• "Portrait of Ivan Mazepa" - an unknown artist, placed in the annals of S. Velichko ";
• “ Mazepiana ” - a series of graphic paintings dedicated to the hetman of Ukraine Ivan Mazepa, Honored Artist of Ukraine, laureate of the Taras Shevchenko Yakutovich National Prize S. G. (2004);

• The icon depicting Peter I, Ekaterina Alekseevna and Ivan Mazepa ^[8] - the artist is unknown (beginning of the XVIII century). The image of this icon is given in the book "Mazepa" by Russian professor Tairova-Yakovleva T. G.

• Portrait of Ivan Mazepa in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra. According to Shendrik L.K., this is one of the first portraits of the hetman. Only an autocopy of this portrait has survived to our time. In 1884, at the direction of the church leadership, the wall where the portrait was depicted was plastered. The fact that this is Mazepa is evidenced by the inscription “Ivan Stepanovich Mazepa. Hetman". ^[9]

• Mazepiana
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• Appearance of Hetman Mazepa

• Hetman Ivan Mazepa. Poglyad krіz stol_ttya.// Catalog of historical and mystical exhibitions of 21 worms - 24 sickles of 2003 rock at Lvov. - Kiev: "Emma." - 2003.
• Kovalevska O. Ivan Mazepa at food and that. - Kiev: "Tempora." - 2008.
• Tairova-Yakovleva T.G. Mazepa. M: Young Guard , Life of Great People , 2006;
• Matskiv T. Getman Ivan Mazepa in the Western European Dzherely 1687-1709. - Munich, 1988.
• Shendrik L.K., Yanovich O.V. Mazepa. The next portrait of the Hetman. - Poltava: “Layout”. - 2004.