The first book of Enoch (Enoch; geez መጽሐፈ ሄኖክ , abbr. “1 Enoch”) or “The Ethiopian Book of Enoch” is one of the most significant apocrypha of the Old Testament, narrated on behalf of the Old Testament Patriarch Enoch .
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In addition to this text, there are also the Second Book of Enoch (“The Slav” or the “Book of Secrets”) and the Third Book of Enoch (“The Book of the Heavenly Palaces”).
Content
Book References
This book is referenced by the Apostle Jude in his epistle. . The text is mentioned by the ancient writers - Tertullian Origen and others .
Book Discovery
The text itself was unknown in Europe until the 18th century, when it was discovered as part of the Ethiopian Bible, where it belongs to the canon [1] .
The Book of Enoch was the third most popular book of the Bible among the Qumran manuscripts , and it is represented by 25 scrolls .
Text options
I.R. Tantlevsky reports the existence (in addition to the Astronomical Book of Enoch and the Giant's Book) and leads the translation of 7 variants of the text 1 Enoch [2] .
Contents
The text of the Book of Enoch [3] [4] contains 108 chapters and is divided into five books:
- Book I (Book of the Guardians). Chapters 1-36.
- Introduction; contemplation of nature; the descent of two hundred angels to the earth - they take as their wives the daughters of men, from whom children (giants) are born, lead humanity away from the true path; God destroys them; Enoch travels through the heavens, earth, and hell.
- In all likelihood, this is the most ancient part, dated to 3 c. BC.
- Introduction; contemplation of nature; the descent of two hundred angels to the earth - they take as their wives the daughters of men, from whom children (giants) are born, lead humanity away from the true path; God destroys them; Enoch travels through the heavens, earth, and hell.
- Book II (Proverbs). Chapters 37-71.
- Description of the days of the Last Judgment; Enoch travels the heavens, meets the Chosen One; He reveals all the heavenly secrets.
- Dating is different - from the 1st half of the 1st century. BC. until the end of the 1st century AD
- Description of the days of the Last Judgment; Enoch travels the heavens, meets the Chosen One; He reveals all the heavenly secrets.
- Book III (Book of the heavenly bodies). Chapters 72-82.
- The rotation of the heavenly bodies, as shown by Enoch by the angel Uriel.
- The Qumran fragments of this text date from the end of the 3rd to the beginning of the 2nd in. AD [ clarify ]
- The rotation of the heavenly bodies, as shown by Enoch by the angel Uriel.
- Book IV (Book of Dreams). Chapters 83-90.
- The vision of the destruction of the earth; a vision of the history of the earth from Adam to the early days of the kingdom of heaven.
- The fragments in Aramaic are dated to the third quarter of the 2nd c. BC.
- The vision of the destruction of the earth; a vision of the history of the earth from Adam to the early days of the kingdom of heaven.
- Book V (Epistle of Enoch). Chapters 91-108.
- The covenant of Enoch; Chapters 93: 1-14 and 91: 12-17, respectively, the so-called Ten-Week Revelation, which describes the history of the earth from the beginning of the Last Judgment and the creation of the new heavens.
- Dated to the 1st c. BC [5] [6] [7] .
- The covenant of Enoch; Chapters 93: 1-14 and 91: 12-17, respectively, the so-called Ten-Week Revelation, which describes the history of the earth from the beginning of the Last Judgment and the creation of the new heavens.
The oldest fragments of the text (mainly from the part called the “Book of Guardians (Observers)”) date back to about 300 BC, and the last part (the so-called “Book of Parables”) probably dates from the 1st century BC BC [8] .
Only the Ethiopian translation has been fully preserved. There are also two extensive fragments of text in Greek, found in 1886 in Egypt. In 1952, several hundred fragments of a book in Aramaic, which is considered the original language, were discovered in Qumran [9] .
Components
In the book of Enoch, some parts are borrowed from the five Moses books [10] . For example, most biblical scholars agree that 1 Enoch 1 : 9 is an extensive allegorical version of Deuteronomy Deut. 33: 2 [11] . Some biblical scholars believe that 1 Enoch includes the song of Balaam from the book of Numbers [12] [13] .
Adam's Book
“ Adam's Book ” (or “The Book of Adam and Eve”) is an Old Testament apocrypha , according to legend, received by Adam from God . In passing is mentioned in the book of Enoch (33:10) [14] . Describes the life of Adam and Eve after the expulsion from Paradise . The text is present in the Talmud as a sharim kitsim (external books) .
Impact
One of the most significant quotations from 1 Enoch was found in the epistle of Jude ( Jude 1:14 ): “Enoch prophesied about them, the seventh from Adam, saying:“ Behold, the Lord comes with the darkness of His holy angels ” [15] . There are three opinions about this quote:
- The words of Enoch, the seventh from Adam, are indeed the words of the character from the book of Genesis . All Christian writers thought so before Konstantin Tischendorf published the Ethiopian book of Enoch, and theologians learned about the connection between 1 Enoch 1 and Deuteronomy. Some Christians still hold the view that Moses in Deuteronomy 33: 2 repeats the real words of Enoch from Genesis, which were transmitted orally or in manuscripts in Noah's Ark [16] .
- Most modern biblical scholars agree that Jude did not understand that 1 Enoch 1 : 9 were the words of Moses, not Enoch [17] [18] [19] [20] .
- The other part considers that the author of the book of Jude knew about the origin of 1 Enoch 1 : 9 from Deuteronomy Deu. 33: 2 , and that the unusual grammar of the phrase in Greek indicates that Jude did not consider the book to be part of the scriptures (“Enoch, the seventh from Adam” prophesies false teachers, not false teachers) [21] [22] . In support of this point of view, the phrase “Enoch, the seventh from Adam” is taken from 1 Enoch 60: 8, that is, perhaps Judas points to the book of Enoch, and not to the historical Enoch from the book of Genesis. However, some biblical scholars suggest that 1 Enoch 60: 8 was not part of the text available to Jude, and that Jude himself called Enoch the phrase [23] .
Translations
The text was repeatedly translated into various languages and reprinted. .
- see in particular: 1893 and 1906 English editions.
Russian translations
- Igor Tantlevsky , 2002, in: I.R. TANTLEVSKIY - BOOKS OF ENOCHA. Sefer Yetzira - Book of Creation. BRIDGES OF CULTURE, MOSCOW, 2002, ISBN 5-93273-103-6 [24]
Links
Additional Information
In 1888 in Kazan, Protopriest Al. Smirnov published two texts:
- “Book of Enoch. Historical and Critical Research ”(master thesis, no. I, Kazan, 1888) [25] - from German, published together with comments.
- The Book of Enoch in Russian translation, Kazan, 1888 [26] with reference to the Orthodox Interlocutor magazine, No. 9, pp.120-140; No. 10 p.218-246; No. 11 p.397-412; No. 12 p.449-482 [27] - text without comment.
- included in the collection: Tantlevsky I.R. Book of Enoch. Sefer Yetzira - Book of Creation. - M .: "Bridges of Culture / Gesharim", 2002. - 374 p. ISBN 5-93273-103-6
- Included in the collection: The Book of the Afterlife Visions. - SPb .: Amfora, 2006. - ISBN 5-367-00063-0
- There is an audiobook translation [28] .
The text consists of 20 chapters, which are grouped into 5 parts:
- Enoch's mystical journey (contains chapters 1–5);
- The three parables of Enoch (contains chapters 6–12);
- About heavenly bodies (contains chapters 13-14);
- Two visions of Enoch (contains chapters 16-17);
- Manual to children (contains chapters 18–20) [29] .
The essence of the work lies in the fact that 200 angels landed on Mount Hermon , took earthly women as wives and gave birth to giants and magicians, after which the Earth overflowed with sinners was subjected to the Flood (chapters 6-10, published by Smirnov) . In the canonical book of Genesis, these creatures are called the sons of God [30] .
The ratio of these texts with the text consisting of 108 chapters is the subject of research.
Notes
- ↑ The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
- ↑ source
- ↑ text without translator and publication
- ↑ text of the publication available by reference , p.7
- ↑ source
- ↑ source 2 , with reference to the Journal "Shamash" № 2, 4
- ↑ reference 3
- ↑ Fahlbusch, E .; Bromiley, GW The Encyclopedia of Christianity: P – Sh page 411, ISBN 0-8028-2416-1 (2004)
- ↑ source
- "We may not especially 1: 1, 3-4, 9 allude unmistakably to Deuteronomy 33: 1-2", read Deuteronomy 33 -34, Biborat Richard, Professor of Theology at St. Andrew University, Scotland. The Jewish world around the New Testament: collected essays. 1999 st.276
- 1. Mass 1.9 Mass Mass Mass Mass in in in 3 in .3 reading er er er er er whereas whereas whereas whereas whereas whereas whereas whereas whereas whereas whereas whereas whereas whereas whereas whereas Here the LXX diverges wholly. The reading ATAH is recognized as original. The writer of 1-5 therefore used the text and presumably wrote in Hebrew. ”RHCharles, Professor of Ancient Greek, Trinity College, Dublin Book of Enoch: London 1912, p.lviii
- ↑ “The introduction .. picks up various biblical passages and re-interprets them, by applying to Enoch. The first is Deuteronomy 33: 1 .. the second is Numbers 24: 3-4 »Michael E. Stone is a professor of Armenian studies and Gail de Nour is a professor of religious studies at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. Selected studies in pseudepigrapha and apocrypha with special reference to the Tradition (Studia in Veteris Testamenti Pseudepigrapha No 9) p.422.
- ↑ Vanderkam, JC. Department of Philosophy and Religion, University of North Carolina. 1 Enoch: A New Translation . Fortress Minneapolis 2004
- ↑ in the accessible texts in chapter 33 there is no mention of the Adam book
- Och “Enoch Jude doesn’t use the present tense in the reading of the LXX of Deut 33: 2” Peter H. Davids, Professor of Biblical Theology, University of St. Stephen, Canada . The letters of 2 Peter and Jude. Grand Rapids 2006
- ↑ Jenkyn, William Anderson on the epistle of Jude: delivered in the Christ of the Church, London 1839 “He received the prophecy of Enoch. 3. ... the book of Enoch was preserved by the flood.
- ↑ Landon, Charles A text-critical study of the Epistle of Jude. - University of Sheffield, England. - 1996. - Page 35.
- In in - 2004 "It seems to be that it was 1: 9 to Enoch seriously" v.225
- ↑ Bauckham, Richard, Professor of Theology at St. Andrew's University, Scotland Jude, 2 Peter Word Biblical Commentary. - Thomas Nelson Edinburgh, 1983
- ↑ Charles, JD Literary Strategy in the Epistle of Jude. - Scranton University, Toronto 1993, Art. 56.83
- "Προεφήτευσεν τούτοις" and not "προεφήτευσεν περὶ τούτῶν" See Wallace, Daniel Baird Professor of New Testament, Dallas Theological Seminary Greek Grammar Beyond The Basics , Grand Ridid Grafdanne Smith.
- ↑ Neyrey, Jerome H. Professor at the Catholic University of Notre Dame 2 Peter, Jude: - Indiana, United States 1993 Art. 81.
- ↑ Nickelsburg, George W. Professor of Religion, University of Iowa 1 Enoch A Commentary. - Fortress. Minneapolis 2004
- Изд publication information , a text similar in content to this edition, but containing references to the 2002 edition
- ↑ 1988 edition in the Russian State Library
- ↑ text of the 1988 edition in Wikisource
- ↑ scan edition
- ↑ Audio book "Books of Enoch" , contains 20 chapters
- ↑ text in Wikisource
- ↑ Gen. 6: 2
See also
- The second book of Enoch (Slavonic book of Enoch, or the Book of Secrets of Enoch )
- The Third Book of Enoch (Hebrew Book of Enoch, or the Book of Heavenly Palaces )