Algate

In governing the country, Oljayt followed the course of reforms of the Gazan Khan . He issued a special label confirming all the laws of his predecessor. During the reign of Oljait, as in the days of Ghazan, the vizier of the Supreme Divine Rashid ad-Din had a significant influence on state affairs. He was able to withstand the intrigues of another vizier, Sa'd ad-Din Saavedzhi, who was trying to push him out of power. As a result, Sa'd al-Din himself was accused of embezzlement of state funds and executed with several associates near Baghdad on February 19, 1312 ^[1] . The second vizier was the merchant- urtak Taj ad-Din Alishah Gilani . After the conflict that occurred in 1314 between the two viziers, Olgate distinguished between their fields of activity. Rashid ad-Din now had to be responsible for central and southern Persia to the limits of Khorasan , and Taj ad-Din - for northwest Persia, Mesopotamia and Asia Minor .

Construction of a new capital

In 1305, Algejt resumed construction in the northwestern part of Iran (now Zanjan Island ) of the city of Soltaniye , which was laid down under Argun . Soon the city became the summer capital of the Hulaguids, Baghdad remained the winter. The courtiers of Ilkhan sought to surpass each other in decorating the new capital. For example, Rashid ad-Din built at his own expense a quarter consisting of more than a thousand houses. The construction of the city was completed by 1313 ; the length of the wall surrounding it was about 30 thousand steps. The main decoration of the city was the Olzheyt Mausoleum, built during the life of the Ilkhan by architect Ali Shah. ^[3]

Religion

In 1289, Algejut was baptized by his Christian mother, Uruk Khatun, and received the name Nicholas in honor of Pope Nicholas IV , ^[4] with whom Argun Khan maintained diplomatic contacts. Prior to his accession to the throne, Oljait was known by the nickname Harbandé ("servant of a donkey"), which, when he converted to Islam in 1295, changed to Hudabande ("servant of God"). Having adopted Islam in a Sunni form , he later leaned towards Shiism . However, Ilkhan’s attempt to make Shiism a state religion met stubborn resistance from the Iranian spiritual and bureaucratic nobility. Another change in religious politics under Oljate was that non-Muslims were again charged jizya .

Oljaytu maintained diplomatic relations with European rulers in the hope of receiving help against the Mamelukes and conquering Syria . Ilkhan sent an embassy to Europe led by Buscarello de Gisolfi , who sent letters to Philip of France , Edward of England and Pope Clement V. However, negotiations again, as in previous years - under Abag , Argun and Ghazan - did not lead to any practical actions of Europeans.

In 1308, Algejt helped the Byzantine Emperor Andronicus II in the fight against the Turks. He sent a Mongol army of 30,000 soldiers to Asia Minor and returned Byzantium to Bithynia captured earlier by the Turks, crushing the detachments of Osman I . ^[five]

In 1304-1305 the Mamluks attacked the Cilician state , the vassal of the Hulaguids, but soon the Mongol garrisons of Asia Minor arrived in time and defeated them. ^[6]

After the emirs Kara Sunkur, the ruler of Damascus , and Ak-Kush Afram, the ruler of Tripoli (the first got into the possession of Maragu , the second - Hamadan ) went over to the side of Oljeyt in August 1312, the ilkhan took a trip to the Syrian possessions of the Mamluks. The troops marched in October, and on December 23 approached the city of Rahba . The garrison offered stubborn resistance to the Mongols, and on January 26, 1313, Algejt was forced to lift the siege. ^{[1] The} Hulaguids had to abandon plans to conquer Syria.

In 1307, Gilan fell under the rule of a hulaguid state, ruled by many small semi-independent rulers. In 1313, Ilkhan’s troops occupied the territory of nowhere in Southern Afghanistan , which provoked the invasion of the Chagataid army under the command of Kebek , the brother of Khan Esen-Bugi , Daud-Khoja, the expelled Nicudarian ruler, and Tsarevich Yasavur , great-great-grandson of Chagatai . Having crossed the Amu Darya River in January 1314, they inflicted a heavy defeat on the Khorasan army of hulaguids near the Murghab River and chased the fleeing enemy to the gates of Herat . Having received news of the defeat of his army, Oljait came out of Soltania on February 18, but when he approached the enemy retreated to his ulus. Meanwhile, Tsarevich Yasavur was accused by Kebek of betrayal, and the troops of Aljeyt forced the Amu Darya to come to the aid of Yasavur in the battle with the Chagataids. Yasavur returned with the troops of the Ilkhan to Khorasan , and Algejt gave him the possession of the Badgis pasture.

Sources

• Abu Bakr al-Qutbi al-Ahari. Tarih-e Sheikh Uweis / Per. M. D. Kyazimova and V.Z. Pirieva. - Baku: Elm, 1984.
• A letter to Algeit to the French king Philip IV the Beautiful // Almanac of Arabesque of History. - M. , 1996. - T. 1 , no. 5: “Caspian transit . ” - S. 107-108 .
• Rashid ad-Din . Collection of annals / Translation by A.K. Arends. - M. — L .: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1946. - T. 3.
• Fasih Hawafi. Fasikhov vault / Transl. D. Yu. Yusupova. - Tashkent: Fan, 1980.

Literature

• Ali-zade A. A. Socio-economic and political history of Azerbaijan of the XIII — XIV centuries. - Baku: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR, 1956. - 422 p.
• The history of Iran from ancient times to the end of the XVIII century . - L .: Publishing house of the Leningrad University, 1958. - 390 p. - 2250 copies.
• Petrushevsky I.P. Land tenure and agrarian relations in Iran of the XIII-XIV centuries / Otv. Editor Academician I.A. Orbeli. - M. - L .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1960. - 492 p.
• The Cambridge history of Iran . - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968 .-- T. 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. - 762 p. - ISBN 521 06936 X.