Novosil

The city is located in the east of the Oryol region, 76 km (by road) from the regional center of Orel , 14 km from the railway station Zalegoshch . Located on the high right bank of the Zushi River. Highways of regional significance pass through the city: Orel - Efremov , Oryol - Korsakovo , Zalegoshch - Mtsensk . The distance to the highway M2 "Crimea" 50 km ^[7] .

According to one of the versions, a new settlement or a new force (fortification, fortress) formed from the ancient name of Novosil ^{[8] can} form the basis of the oikonym . In the first case, it would be Novosel , Novoselsk , but the second is more suitable - the New Force (fortress) . According to another version, to consolidate its borders in the country conquered by the Vyatichi in the 9th century. The Khazars founded a new fortress city on the already existing settlement, calling it New Itil , after the name of its capital city Itil ( Atil , Isil , Asil ), founded by them in the VIII c. and destroyed at the end of the X century. Svyatoslav Igorevich . The name of the city in time was transformed into Novatil ( Novasil ), which after ruin was named Novasilju ^{[9] [10]} . Another assumption is the connection with the toponym Novovasilkov, on behalf of Vasilko Yuryevich (son of Yuri Dolgoruky ) or Novovasiliev on behalf of Vladimir Monomakh in baptism Vasily ^{[11] [12]} .

Ancient Settlement

Archaeological studies carried out on the land of Novo-Sils in the 1950s by the Verkhneokskaya archaeological expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences under the direction of T.N. Nikol'skaya , discovered a settlement dating back to the 4th – 1st centuries BC and the ancient settlement of the end of the 1st millennium BC. er - XI — XIII centuries. ^[13] During excavations in 2011, a copper coin of the second half of the 1st century BC was found on the territory of the settlement. er the Panticapaeum king Asander ^{[14] [15]} . On the land of Novosel was also found settlements near Novosil: Vorotyntsevskoe (6 km), Muzhikovskoye (10 km), Vyazhevskoe (7 km) and Dukhovskoye (5 km) ^[16] . The settlements belonged to the tribes of the Upper Oka culture of the Iron Age (sometimes it is interpreted as “the Oksky variant of the Yukhnov culture ”) ^[17] ; they played an important role in the defense of the south-east of the Russian lands from external invasions ^[18] .
In the middle of the 1st millennium of our era, the Zushi valley was included in the area of ​​the Moszhinsky culture , and from the beginning of the 8th century the Slavs began to settle there ^{[19] [20]} .

Middle Ages

In written sources, Novosil was mentioned in the Nikon Chronicle for 1155 ^[21] as the city of the Principality of Chernigov . The chronicle mention of the city is associated with the stay in it of the wife of the Grand Duke of Kiev Yuri Dolgoruky Olga Grechanki (number 6663 ^[22] ... The same was true of Kiev princess Prince Yuriev Dolgorukago seized by Novosil ^[5] ), who was going to Kiev from Suzdal , who went to Kiev from Suzdal, ⁵ . The choice of Olga Novosil as a place to travel to Kiev suggests that at the time Novosil was a fairly reliable fortified point where the princess could feel safe. The historian V. A. Kuchkin disputes the accuracy of this chronicle information and relates the foundation of Novosil as a city to a later post-Mongol period ^[23] .

Since 1352, Novosil was the center of the independent Principality of Novosilsky - the patrimony of the princes Vorotynsky . In 1375, the city suffered greatly from the Tatar invasion of Mamaia and fell into neglect, and the Prince of Novy Selo Roman Semenovich transferred the capital of his principality to Odoyev . In the XV century, Novosil moved to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . In 1490, the princes Vorotynsky Ivan Mikhailovich and Dmitry Fedorovich went to the service of Ivan III . In 1494, after the conclusion of peace with Lithuania , he became part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow ^{[24] [25]} .

New time

In 1565, when Tsar Ivan the Terrible divided the Russian state into oprichnina and a local state , the city became part of the latter ^{[26] [27]} . In the 16th — 17th centuries, Novosil was one of the fortified points of the defensive line on the southern frontiers of the Russian state — the Great Protect Line . In 1599-1606 the advanced regiment of the “Ukrainian category ” was stationed in it. In 1613, a guard ( bit ) regiment was stationed in Novosile, which included about 800 servicemen, mostly city ​​Cossacks . In September 1637, the garrison of the Novosilsky fortress withstood the siege of the Tatar army of the Crimean Nureddin Safa Geray . The attackers ravaged the suburb, burned the bread, and took many residents into captivity and burned the nearby Holy Trinity Monastery in Holy Trinity . In 1644 Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich visited the city and the Holy Spirit Monastery; servicemen, Cossacks, archers and gunners, were issued certificates of ownership of land, and a regiment of the “Polish system” was formed in Novosil. The last major ruin of Novosil and its environs occurred in 1659 by the Crimean Tatars and rebel Ukrainian Cossacks. They burned out part of the posad and settlements, but the fortress stood. Many novosilskie nobles were ruined, having lost their estates. In the years 1672-1673. the wooden fortifications of Novosil were renewed and fortified, but at the end of the 17th century the city lost its military significance and was excluded from the state of Russian fortresses in 1718 ^[28] .

In 1708, Novosil as a county center was assigned to the Kiev province . In 1719 he entered the Oryol province of this province, in 1727 the province went to the Belgorod province . In 1777, Novosil received official approval of the county town of Novosilsky district of the Tula governorship (from 1796 - the province). The emblem was approved on March 8, 1778, together with the other emblems of the Tula governorship. On a green field, cornflower flowers and golden spikelets are depicted, personifying the fruitfulness of the fields surrounding the city. In 1779, a city development plan was approved ^{[28] [7]} .

In the XIX century. Novosil represented a small trade and craft city. Local merchants traded in bread, hemp , cattle, leather, lard, bristles, wax, honey. There were a number of artisanal enterprises for processing agricultural raw materials. Cooper , blacksmith, and wheel crafts developed. In 1843, the city had 260 residential buildings, 40 shops, 4 drinking houses, 5 enterprises, a hospital, an almshouse, a pharmacy, a parish school, a prison castle, 2 fairs were held annually, and weekly bazaars were held ^[30] . By the end of the century (in 1893) the population of the city numbered 3660 people. In the city there were 7 factory enterprises, 4 schools (male, female, private and city higher primary), a gymnasium, schools of diploma in churches, a provincial hospital, a city public bank, and a county treasury. In 1894 the Zemsky library was opened ^[4] .

In relation to the Church, Novosil with the county until 1775 was part of the Krutitsy Diocese , then was counted among the Voronezh, and in 1788 - the Kolomna Diocese. In 1799 attributed to the Tula diocese. In 1895, the city had two parish churches: the Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, and the cemetery of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God ^{[4] [31] [32]} .

Recent History

January 18 ( 31 ), 1918 , Soviet power was established in Novosil and the county ^[33] . On October 17-18, 1919, during the Battle of Orlovsko-Kromsky, the 1st Alekseevsky Regiment under the command of Colonel P.G. Buzun , who was advancing on Moscow from the Denikin Volunteer Army , drove out of Novosil the 3rd Infantry Division of V.K. Gondel of the 13th Army RKKA ^{[34] [35]} . However, the Red Army soldiers soon launched a counter-offensive and on October 23 the 3rd Rifle Division again occupied the city, rejecting Denikinites to the south ^[36] .

On July 6, 1925, by a decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Novosilsky district from the Tula province was transferred to the Oryol province . In 1928, Novosil became the center of the Novosilsky district , which was first part of the Oryol district of the Central Black Earth region (TsChO), and after the abolition of the districts in the summer of 1930, directly as part of the TsChO. With the disaggregation of the latter in 1934, the district became part of the Kursk region , and in 1937 - the Oryol region ^[37] .

November 13, 1941 the city was captured by Nazi troops. Released on December 27, 1941, by the 6th Guards Rifle Division under the command of Major General K. I. Petrov, operating as part of the 3rd Army of the Bryansk Front . Until July 1943, Novosil remained a front-line city and as a result of the hostilities it was significantly destroyed ^{[38] [39]} . Almost all city public buildings and private houses were destroyed and burned. All district offices and residents were located in the basement. The district military registration and enlistment office drove into the preserved only house. Novosilskaya school is temporarily located 3 km away - in the village of Yamskaya Sloboda . Only in 1945 the school was transferred to Novosil. In 2019, she will celebrate her 200th anniversary. During the occupation, the Germans completely destroyed the district hospital, founded in 1828 ^[40] . After the war, the restoration of the city began. In subsequent years, the construction was carried out according to the long-term plan of 1975 (with additions of 1979), which retained the existing network of streets and the location of the main square ^[41] .

Institutions of additional children's education work in the city: MBU DO "Center for Creativity" of the Novosilsky District , MBU DO "Novosilskaya Children's Art School" (former music school) and branch No. 2 of the BPOU OO "Oryol College of Agribusiness and Service" , MBUDO DYUSSH of the Novosilsky District. Regional wrestling tournaments in memory of the Hero of the Soviet Union Sergey Tyulenin are held annually in the region. The Novosil Central Library, which is one of the oldest in the region and the nursery, is working. The guardian and collector of the history of the area is the Novosilsky Historical and Cultural Center, established on the basis of the local history museum and the military-historical complex “Knit” ^[42] .

As of January 1, 2019, in terms of population, the city was at 1101 place out of 1115 ^[60] cities of the Russian Federation ^[61] .

The city is the center of an agricultural area in which wheat , rye , barley , oats , peas , buckwheat are grown , in recent years, rapeseed , sugar beets , and soybeans . Farmers are also involved in meat and dairy cattle breeding , pig breeding and sheep breeding. In 2003, an agricultural enterprise for the production of grain crops in the Orel Nobel-Agro agro- industrial complex arose. There is no industrial and processing production (as of 2018). In the 1990s, a brick factory, an incubator station, a milk separator station, an agricultural nursery, the Novosilsky state farm and reselselhoztekhnika, and in 2010 the small cannery and nursery for growing African ostriches ceased to exist ^{[7] [62] [41 ]} .

In 2016, Novosil entered the top ten small cities of Russia, popular with tourists and took the sixth line ^[63] .

The oldest building of the city is the church of St. Nicholas . Instead of the existing wooden church, a stone church was originally built in the main square of the city in 1810–13, with side chapels in the name of St. John the Forerunner and Great Martyr Paraskeva , and in 1838 the whole church was consecrated. In 1858 a stone bell tower was built. After the revolution and the establishment in the city of Soviet power, the temple was closed; in 1989, the ROC was again returned. In 1997, the construction of the destroyed bell tower ^{[32] [64]} ended.

The city has long been merchants. The houses of the 2nd half of the 19th century of merchants have survived to this day (2018): Sinelnikova (now [2018] has the district prosecutor's office in the house), Vorogushin (the museum of local lore is located in the house), Belevtseva and Venta (on K. Marks st. [Former Bolshaya Orlovskaya]).
There are three monuments in Novosil: V.I. Lenin ; the commander of the 3rd Army, who took part in the liberation of the land of Novosilsk from the German invaders, the Hero of the Soviet Union , AV Gorbatov ; to the soldiers-liberators - participants of the Great Patriotic War.
The city has a museum of local lore, founded in the prewar years by the local historian and artist Glagolev Vasily Nikolaevich and re-recreated by the teachers of the Novosilsky school spouses Kaznacheev Alexei Vasilyevich (1918-1996) and Maria Andreevna (1922-2017) ^{[65] [66] [67]} .

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