2005 in science

• By analogy with the genome , the term connection was proposed to describe the complete scheme of the neural connections of the organism.
• The emergence of optogenetics .

• April 8 - hybrid solar eclipse (maximum phase 1,0074) ^[2] .
• April 24 - a penumbral lunar eclipse in the southern hemisphere (phase −0.16) ^[3] .
• October 3 - annular solar eclipse (maximum phase 0.9576) ^[4] .
• October 17 - a private lunar eclipse in the equatorial zone of the Earth (phase 0.06) ^[3] .
• December - the project of distributed computing QMC @ Home in the field of quantum chemistry was launched ^[5] .

• January 14 - the Huygens probe entered the atmosphere of Titan , made a soft landing on the surface and transmitted images and other data through the Cassini apparatus to Earth.
• June 12 - the project of voluntary distributed computing PrimeGrid was launched, the goal of which is to search for various prime numbers of a special type ^[6] .
• On September 24, the first Russian, Lydia Ivanovna Fedorenko, was successfully cryonized by the company KrioRus ^[7] .
• October 24 - construction of the IceCube neutrino telescope started ^[8] . Completion is planned for 2011 .

Discoveries

• January 5 - the dwarf planet Eris is discovered.
• January 26 - Hiiaka , the satellite of Haumea is discovered.
• June 15 - Hydra and Nikta , two small satellites of Pluto are discovered.
• June 30 - Namaka , the satellite of Haumea is open.
• June 19 - a message in Nature about the opening of grid cells .

New animal species

• Animals described in 2005

• Nobel Prize :
  • Physics - Roy Glauber , "For his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence." John Hall and Theodore Hensch , "For his contribution to the development of high-precision laser spectroscopy and precision technology for calculating the light shift in optical frequency standards."
  • Chemistry - Robert Grubbs , Richard Schrock and Yves Shoven , "For his contribution to the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis."
  • Physiology and Medicine - Barry Marshall , Robin Warren , "For his work on the study of the influence of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori on the occurrence of gastritis and gastric and duodenal ulcers ."

• Big gold medal named after MV Lomonosov
  • Yuri Andreevich Osipyan for his fundamental contribution to the physics of dislocations in solids and the discovery of the photoplastic effect.
  • Peter Hirsch - for his outstanding contribution to physics of the strength and plasticity of solids and the experimental discovery of the motion of dislocations in them.

• Baltsan Prize :
  • Population Geology - Peter and Rosemary Grant , ( United Kingdom - United States ).
  • Minerals Physics - Russell Hemley and David Mao (Mao Heguang) , (USA).
  • History of Asian Art: Lothar Ledrose (Germany).
  • Socio-cultural history of modern urbanism: Peter Hall (UK).

• Abel Prize
  • Peter D. Lax ( New York University , USA ) - “for his outstanding contribution to the theory and application of partial differential equations and the calculation of their solutions”.

• International Biology Prize
  • Nam-Hai Chua - structural biology of microstructures, morphology and morphogenesis.

• Computer science
  • The Knut Prize is Michalis Yannakakis .
  • The Turing Prize - Peter Naur - "for his fundamental contribution to the design of programming languages and the creation of the Algol 60 language, as well as to the design of compilers , and to the art and technology of computer programming ."

• August 29 - Nikolai Sergeevich Bakhvalov , an outstanding Soviet and Russian mathematician .