The origin and formation of the first settlement cities in Ancient Egypt took place at the turn of the Paleolithic (in the Nile Valley until the 5th millennium BC. , When such forms of management as hunting , fishing , gathering , agriculture ) and Neolithic (in the Nile Valley) flourished from the 5th to the 3rd millennium BC. E. , when agriculture and cattle breeding began to gradually develop).
The ancient Egyptian population, turning to a sedentary lifestyle, gradually formed agricultural communities, which needed centers for storing and redistributing agricultural products, as well as shelters from external danger and various animals. The emergence of such centers became the prototypes of future cities. The cultures of agricultural communities during this period are represented in Lower Egypt - Fayyum A , Merimde , El Omari , Maadi Buto and in Upper Egypt - Tasyi , Badarii , Amrat (Nakada I) , Herzey (Nakada II) and Semayniy (Nakada III) cultures .
In these fortified settlements, where peasants working for days in the fields, and also cattle breeding and hunting shelters, took shelter for the night, classes began to develop in society, such as merchants, craftsmen and officials, and there were representatives of the authorities who were becoming more and more attached to this "city-place" ( Egypt. is-t - one of the ancient Egyptian terms meaning the place where the power was located).
Content
Nomes of Upper Egypt
Ta-networks
| Ta network | ||
| Ὄμβοι | Omboy | ||
| Ombos | OMBOS NOM |
| Title | Status and period of existence | Main cult | Modern localization |
Elephantine (Greco-Roman.) Russian • English • deutsch | • settlement - Eneolithic • fortress - era I - II din. • The city- capital of Noma - the dynasty. period • merged with Siena in one city - Rome. period | • triad of Elephantine - Khnum , Satis , Anuket • priest animal - nile crocodile • also - Hapi | the Nile island of Gesiret-Aswan (Jazire-Assuan) [1] within the city of Aswan |
Omboy, Ombre (Greek) Ombos (Roman) Russian • English • deutsch | • settlement - Eneolithic • dynasty city . period • The capital of Noma is Hellenistic. period | • Khor-ur (Greek Haroeris) • since the late period, two triads - 1) Khor-ur, Senetnofret, Panebtaui 2) Sebek , Hathor , Khonsu • priest animal - nile crocodile | [2] within the city of Kom Ombo (east coast of the Nile) |
Fila [3] , Fila (Greco-Roman) Russian • English • deutsch | • settlement, cult center - from the era of XXV dyn. | • Isis , Hathor ( Tefnut ) • Nubian gods - Arensnupis, Mandulis • also - Osiris , Horendot, August | the Nile island of Anas el-Wogud [4] , now flooded, monuments moved to the neighboring island of Agilkiyu |
Abaton, Phila [3] (Greek) english • deutsch | • cult center | • Usir (Osiris) (it was believed that there was one of the graves of Osiris - Abaton) | nile island bige (bigga) |
Satis (Greek) english • deutsch | • settlement, cult center | • Setet (Satis) | Nile island of Geziret-Seheil, non-Arabic name adopted - Sechel |
Siena (Greco-Roman) Russian • English • deutsch | • Quarries ( granite ), a suburb of Abu - dynasty. period • fused with Elephantine in one city - Rome. period | see the city of Abu Elephantine | within the city of Aswan (east coast of the Nile) |
Silsilis (Greco-Roman) Russian • English • deutsch | • quarries ( sandstone ), necropolis, temples, settlement - from the era of the 18th dyn. | • Hapi | Gebel es-Silsila locality and village (on both banks of the Nile, but most of it is to the east.) |
| Contra Ombos (Roman) | • suburb of Ombos - Greco - Rome. period | (west bank of the Nile) | |
| Contra Siena (Roman) | • Abu necropolis - dynasty. period • suburb of Siena - Greco - Rome. period | Kubbet al-Hawa area (west bank of the Nile) | |
| • The area actively visited by the Egyptians is a dynasty. period • trading marinas - from the period of the Middle Kingdom (hypothesis) | the area of Conosso (English) , most of it is flooded by the Nasser reservoir (east coast of the Nile) |
Uches-Khor
| Uchess-Khor | ||||
| ὁ Ἀπολλωνοπολίτης νομός | Apollonopolsky nom |
| Title | Status and period of existence | Main cult | Modern localization |
Apollonos Polis Megale (Greek) Apollonopol Magna (Roman) Russian • English • deutsch | The capital city of Noma is the dynasty. (no later than VI din.) and Hellenistic. periods | Behdetsky Choir Horus family - father Osiris , mother Isis , wife Hathor also - Min , Montu , Ptah , Tefnut , Khonsu , Shu | within the city of Edfu (Idfu) (west bank of the Nile) |
| Contra Tumis (Roman) | settlement | (west bank of the Nile) | |
| Fontis (Roman) | settlement | (west bank of the Nile) | |
| Contra Apollonopolis (Roman) | settlement | (east coast of the Nile) | |
| Tome (Roman) | settlement | (east coast of the Nile) |
Nehen
| Title | Status and period of existence | Main cult | Modern localization |
Hierakonpol (Greco-Roman) Russian • English • deutsch | The capital city of Noma is the dynast. and Old Kingdom periods | Chorus , Henem also - the spirits of ancient rulers, who in the Late era (from the 7th century BC ) were identified with the children of the Choir | ruins near the village of Kom el Ahmar (west bank of the Nile) |
english | the capital city of Noma - from the First Transitional Period until the era of the XII Dynasty | probably in the vicinity of the settlement of Al Mialla (El Moalla) (found only a necropolis, east coast of the Nile) | |
Eilethias Policy (Greek) Tlithia, City of Lutsina (Roman) Russian • English • deutsch | parking - Mesolithic The capital city of Noma is the dynasty. period since the beginning of the reign of the XII dynasty | Nehbet | al-Qab village (east coast of the Nile) |
Latopolis, Polis Laton, Lutton [7] (Greek) Latopol, Lato (Roman) Russian • English • deutsch | dynasty city . period the capital of Noma is Hellenistic. period | Henem , Nate holy animal - nile perch [8] also - Nebtu, lioness Menhit, Heka, crocodile Shemanefer, lion Tutu | Esna city (Isna), sometimes the city is called the Heliopolis of Upper Egypt (west bank of the Nile) |
| Per-Meru (Egypt) | city | Komir (Kom-Mir) (west bank of the Nile) |
Wasset
| Title | Status and period of existence | Main cult | Modern localization |
Hermontis (Greco-Roman) Russian • English • deutsch |
|
| Armant village (Medinet Armant) 9 km south-west of the city of Luxor (west bank of the Nile) |
Thebes / Thebes, Dios Polis Megale (Greek) Thebes / Thebes, Diospol Magna (Roman) Russian • English • deutsch |
|
(another option is Amon, Mut, Khonsu ) | Thebes proper (“city of the living”) - the city of Luxor and the village of El-Karnak (east coast of the Nile) |
Aphroditos Polis, Patiris (Greek) Aphroditopol [10] (Roman) english • deutsch | city | Hathor | Gebelen (Al-Gabalem) settlement 30 km south of Luxor (west bank of the Nile) |
| Jerty (Egypt) deutsch | settlement - from the Middle Paleolithic suburb of Wasset | Montu | Tod (Et-Tod) settlement 20 km southwest of Luxor (east coast of the Nile) |
english • deutsch | settlement - from the Middle Paleolithic suburb of Wasset | Montu ( Osiris was originally revered) | Al-Madamud village (Medamud, Nag al-Madamood) 8 km northeast of the city of Luxor (east coast of the Nile) |
Russian • English • deutsch | a settlement of artisans, as well as one of the necropolises of the Theban "city of the dead" ( see below ) | Meritseger | the area of Deir al-Medina opposite the city of Luxor in the Theban "city of the dead" (west bank of the Nile) |
| complex consisting of the remains of many memorial temples, tombs and 13 necropolises of the city of Wasset (Thebes) | Meritseger | [11] Western Thebes (“city of the dead”) - Biban al-Muluk (“Valley of the kings”) , Biban al-Harim (“Valley of the queens”) , Deir al-Bahri , Kom el-Hettan, Medinet-Abu , etc. |
- Tufium (Crocodilopolis south) - according to Brugsh.
Necherui (No. V)
The meaning of the translation of the name nome is “Two Gods”. Outdated Transcription - Herui, Cobt. In the Greco - Roman period it bore the name of the Coptic nominee (after the new name of the ancient capital - Gebtu , which the Greeks, and after them the Romans, began to call Koptos).
Nom was located on the territory of the relevant modern governorship ( governorate ) of Ken , and occupied its middle part, located on both banks of the Nile River .
| Capital of nome | |||
| Hebtu (Egypt) Koptos (Greco-Roman) ru: en: de: | the capital of Nome during the dynastic and Hellenistic periods; | near the city of Kift and the village of El-Kal'a (at the entrance to the wadi Hammamat ) (east coast of the Nile) | |
| Other cities, cult and economic centers of Noma | |||
| Geza, Gezi (Egypt.) Apollonos Polis Micra (Greek) Apollonopol Parva, Apollonis Minor (Roman) en: de: | city, an important center of pre-dynastic Egypt; | in the area of Kus (east coast of the Nile) | |
| Nebut [12] (Egypt) Ombos [12] (Greco-Roman) en: de: | city, an important center of pre-dynastic Egypt; | Nakada village (Nagada) (west bank of the Nile, the name of the village is given the name of the culture - Nakada I, II, III) | |
| a city that existed during the early New Kingdom ; | Deir el Ballas (El Ballas) 45 km north of the city of Luxor (west bank of the Nile) | ||
Tuch (west bank of the Nile) | |||
| Counter Koptos (Roman) | settlement; | (west bank of the Nile) | |
6 nd
- Tentira (modern Dendera?), In the area of the city of Ken .
- Canople
7 nd
- Nag hammadi
- Henoboskion (modern El Qasr vas-Sayyad)
- Diospol Parva (Διὸς πόλις ἡ μικρά, the area of the villages of Khiv, Abadia and Semayna)
Ta-ur (No. VIII)
Nom-state known since the pre-dynastic period .
The meaning of the translation of the name nome is “Great Land”. Outdated transcription - Abd, Abtu. In the Greco - Roman period, it was called Tinis nom (according to the new name of the ancient capital - Cheney , which the Greeks, and after them the Romans, called Tin (Tinis).
In the XXXI century. BC e. this nom-state occupied a leading position among small state formations vying for control over Upper and Lower Egypt . According to one version (according to the Manetho ), in the XXX - XXVII centuries. BC e. here (in Cheney) was the capital of the pharaohs of the I - II dynasties of the united Egypt, or these dynasties came from this nome, and the capital was Memphis in the first nome of Lower Egypt. Over time, Mr. loses its political significance, but retains the cult - in Abydos (in the dynastic period ).
Here was the largest cult center of Osiris in ancient Egypt (in the city of Abju).
Nom was located in the territory corresponding to the modern governorate ( governorate ) of Sohag , and occupied its southern part, located along the Nile River .
| Capital of nome | |||
| Egyptian capital (hypothesis) (during I - II dynasty ) Cheney (Egypt) Tin, Tinis (Greek) ru: en: de: | the capital of Noma since the pre-dynastic period ; | the city was not found, perhaps located near the modern city of Girga (the west bank of the Nile) | |
| Other cities, settlements, religious and economic centers | |||
| Abju (Egypt) Abydos (Greco-Roman) ru: en: de: | a settlement (from the 4th millennium BC ), a city and a cult center in the dynastic period , in the Roman period - a small village; | remnants of structures near the settlement of El-Arab-al-Madfuna (west coast of the Nile) | |
| Per-Mehit-ubn, Behdet [13] (Egypt) Lepidotopole (Greco-Roman) de: | a settlement that grew into a city; | possibly located on the opposite bank of the modern city of Girga , near Nag al-Meshayih (east coast of the Nile) | |
| Necropolises and tombs: | |||
| several mastabs of the first pharaohs of the III dynasty (No. KI may have been the tomb (or cenotaph) of Djoser and / or Nebk ) ; | in the vicinity of the settlement of Bet Hallaf (west coast of the Nile) | ||
| necropolis of the city of Cheney (Tinis) ; | Nag ed-Deir (east coast of the Nile) | ||
| Pekr (Egypt) ru: en: de: | necropolis of the city of Abju (Abydos) ; | Umm al-Qa'ab area (west bank of the Nile) | |
Settlement and railway station El Balyana (west bank of the Nile) | |||
9th
- Ipu, Hent-Min (Panopol, Hemmis) (modern Ahmim ), center of the 9th nome
- Sohag
- Bath
No. 10
- Anteopolis (Ἀνταίου πόλις)
11 nd
- Gypsel (modern Ash-Shatb )
12 nd
- Hierakon (modern El Atawla )
- Lycopol (modern Asyut )
13 nd
- Dara (ancient Egypt)
14 nd
- Kusy (modern al-Qusiya ), center 14 nome
- Meir (city)
15 nd
- Hermopol Magna (Ἑρμοῦ πόλις, from the Greek name of the god Hermes (personifying Egypt. Thoth); Egypt. Hemenu (letters. "Eight") modern El-Ashmuneyn ), center of the 15th nome
- Mallawi , necropolis
- Tuna el Gebel , necropolis
- Speos-Artemidos (modern Istabl-Antar ), rock chapel
- Antinople (modern Sheikh Ibad ), Neferussi
- Ahetaton (modern Tell Al Amarna )
- Beni Hassan
- Deir el bersha
16 nd
- Hebenu (village of Kom el-Ahmar, province of Al-Minya )
- Akoris (modern Techna )
- Zawiet El Amvat
- Al minya
- Antinous (Άντίνοος πόλις)
17 nd
- Kinopol (Κυνοπόλις, modern El Ques), center of the 17th nome
18 nd
- Ankironpol (modern Al-Khiba )
- Sharuna / Kom-el-Ahmar-Savaris, center of the 18th nome
19 nom.
- Oksirinh (present-day Al-Bakhnas ), center of the 19th nome
- Deshash , necropolis
20 nd
- Heracleopol (modern Ihnasya al-Madina ), center of the 20th nome
- Crocodilopolis / Arsinoe (modern Fayyum )
- Ittawi (the capital of Egypt from the 12th dynasty) was not found Fayyum city, possibly in 21 or 22 nome.
21 Mr.
- Dakhshur - necropolis
- Karanis (modern Kom-Aushim )
22 nd
- Aphroditopol (Άφροδίτης πόλις, modern Atfih ), center 22 nome
Lower Egypt
1 nom
- Memphis (near the Bedrashane station and the village of Mit-Rakhin, possibly located to the north), the center of the 1st nome
- Saqqara , necropolis
- Giza , necropolis
2 nd
- Letopol (village of Kom-Ausim, 13 km north-west of Cairo), center of the 2nd nome
3 rd
- Momemphis (present-day Kom el-Hisn, 4 km west of the city of Tanta ), center of the 3rd nome
- Terenutis (modern Kom-Abu Billo)
- Navkratis (modern Kom-Gi'eyf)
4 nd
5 nd
- Sais (village of Sa al-Hagar, north of the city of Tanta ), center of the 5th nome
- Buto (modern Tell al-Fara'in)
Hasuu (No. VI)
Modern scholars interpret the meaning of the translation of the name nome differently - “Mountain bull / beast”, “Desert bull”, “Swamp / bog bull”. Outdated Transcription - Cassette. In the Greco - Roman period it bore the name Ksoysky nom (after the new name of the ancient capital - Hasuu, which the Greeks, and after them the Romans, began to call Ksois).
В некоторые периоды был в составе XII-го Себеннитского нома (древнеегипетское название — Чеб-нечер).
Ном находился на территории соответствующей современному губернаторству ( мухафаза ) Кафр эш-Шейх (Кафр эль-Шейх) , и занимал приблизительно его восточную часть.
| Столица нома | |||
| Хасуу (егип.) Ксоис, Ксоис Египетский (греч.) en: de: | столица нома в династический и эллинистический периоды; | на территории поселка Саха к югу от города Кафр эш-Шейх (Кафр эль-Шейх) | |
| Прочие города, культовые и хозяйственные центры нома | |||
| Дамбильфон (греко-рим.) ru: en: de: | city | в черте города Кафр эш-Шейх (Кафр эль-Шейх) | |
7 ном
- Александрия
- Ракотис
- Па-деми-эн-Херу, «Селение Хора». рим. Гермополь Парва (совр. Даманхур, северо-востоке Дельты на канале, соединяющем озеро Мареотис и Канопское русло Нила)
- Каноп (совр. Абу-Кир)
- Менутис
- Гераклей (совр. в 6-7 км от береговой линии, северо-восточнее Канопа у места впадения в море Канопского рукава Нила)
- Тапосирис Магна (совр. Абу-Сир)
- Дамиетта (др. егип. Тамиат, совр. Думьят)
- Пер-Басет (совр. Бельбейс, возможно западнее)
8 ном
Чеку, Пер-Итему (возм. библ. Пифон, Питон) (совр. селение Телль эль-Масхута, 15 км к западу от города Исмаилия )
9 ном
- Бусирис (совр. селение Абу-Сир Бана к югу от города Саманнуда ), центр 9-го нома
10 ном
- Атрибис (совр. предместье Телль Атриб, север города Банха ), центр 10-го нома
11 ном
- Леонтополь (совр. Телль эль-Мукдам), центр 11-го нома
12 ном
- Себеннит (в черте города Саманнуд ), центр 12-го нома
- Исейон (совр. Бехбет эль-Хагар)
13 ном
- Гелиополь (совр. северо-восточные предместья Каира: Аль-Матария, Араб эль-Хисн, Айн Шамс), центр 13-го нома
- Ликополь (совр. Асьют), центр 13-го нома Верхнего Египта
14 ном
- Чару (совр. местность Эль-Хебуа около города Эль-Кантара), центр 14-го нома
- Месен (не следует путать с одним из названий Бехдета, находящегося во II верхнеегипетском номе)
- Гераклеополь , Сетроэ (совр. Телль-Белим), центр 14-го нома в позднеримский период
- Пелусий (совр. Телль-эль-Фарама)
- Силэ (совр. Эль-Хебуа, Телль-Абу-Сефа)
- Дафна (совр. Телль-эд-Дефенна)
15 ном
- рим. Гермополь Парва (совр. холмы Телль эн-Накус, Телль эз-Зереки, Телль эр-Роб'а к югу от города Эль-Баклия) на месте столицы
16 ном
- Мендес (совр. холм Телль эр-Руба), центр 16-го нома, Тмуит (совр. Телль эль-Тимай)
- Панефис (совр. Эль-Манзала)
17 ном
- Диосполь Нижний (совр. холм Телль эль-Баламун 9 км к северо-западу от города Ширбин), центр 17 нома
18 ном
- Бубастис (совр. местность (холм) Телль Баста юго-восточная окраина города Эз-Заказик), центр 18-го нома
- Исейон (совр. Бехбет эль-Хагар)
19 ном
- Танис (совр. Сан эль-Хагар, Телль эд-Даб'а), центр 19-го нома
- Аварис (совр. Телль эд-Даб'а)
- Пер-Рамсес (совр. Кантир)
- Имет (совр. Телль Набша)
20 ном
- Пер-Сепду (селение Сафт эль-Хинна, несколько километров к юго-востоку от города Эз-Заказик)
Файюм и его окрестности
- Kahun is a city in the eastern part of Fayyum oasis.
Included in 1st Egypt of Lower Egypt:
- Lisht , necropolis
Included in 20th of Upper Egypt:
- Byahmu , the sanctuary
- Dionisias (present-day Kasr-Karun)
- Theadelphia (modern Batn-Ihrit)
- Qasr Es Sagha
- Crocodilopol / Arsinoe (modern Fayyum ), see below
- Lahun
- Moeris (modern Kom Medinet-Gurab)
- Sediment
- Soknopayonesos (modern Dimai)
- Hawara
- Haraga
- Narmutis (modern Medinet Madi)
- Tebtinis (modern Tell el-Umm-Bruygat)
Included in the 21st nome of Upper Egypt:
- Gerza , pre-dynastic burial places
- Bacchus (present-day Kom el-Atl)
- Kafr Tarkhan
- Karanis (modern Kom-Aushim)
- Medum
- Sale
- Philadelphia (Kom Darb El Gerza)
Included in 22nd Upper Egypt:
- Aphroditopol (modern Atfih ), center of the 22nd nome, see below
Red Sea Shore
port Tââou / Mios Chromos, Shashirît / Berenice, Apollonos Hydreium, Apollonopolis (Aethiopia),
Links
See also
- List of Ancient Egypt Nomes
Notes
- ↑ The lesser-used name of the island of Jazieres Sager is “Flower Island”.
- ↑ The coordinates of the main religious buildings on the cape are given.
- ↑ 1 2 Ancient authors called Phyla two small islands at the first rapids; in fact, Phila is the smaller of the islands, and Phila Abaton is the larger.
- ↑ Named after the hero of one of the tales of “1001 Nights . ”
- ↑ There were two more cities with the same names - in the VIII Upper Egyptian Nome and in the XVII Lower Egyptian Nome.
- ↑ There was another city with the same name - in the XVI Upper Egyptian nome.
- ↑ Λατόπολις.
- ↑ Lates niloticus - the sacred fish of the goddess Nate .
- ↑ 1 2 The name is hypothetical.
- ↑ There were two more cities with the same name - in the X and XXII Upper Egyptian nomes.
- ↑ Given are the coordinates of the Colossi of Memnon .
- ↑ 1 2 There was another city of the same name - in the first Upper Egyptian nome.
- ↑ There were two more cities with the same name - in the II Upper Egyptian Nome and in the XVII Lower Egyptian Nome.