Armenian-Kypchak language

Known for the written monuments ^{[6] of} Kipchak-speaking Armenians who professed Christianity in the tradition of the Armenian Apostolic Church , who lived in large colonies in Kamenetz-Podolsky , Lviv , Lutsk , Mogilev-Podolsky , Suceava , Seret , Zamost , Yassy , Akkerman and other cities of Ukraine , Poland , Romania , Moldova , where they moved from the Crimea (mainly from Kafa - Feodosia ) and, possibly, from Armenia after the Mongol invasion . In the monuments of the Armenian-Kipchak language, this language itself is indicated by its speakers in three ways: the older term khypchak tili (“Kipchak language, Kipchak language”), the possessive construction of bizim til (“our language”) and the later comparative terminological combination, which became widespread thanks to translators familiar with the Tatar language of the Crimea - Tatarcha ("in Tatar") ^[7] .

The German historian Dirk Herder notes: “ Although the Crimean Armenians adopted the local Tatar language and codified it in Armenian script, they preserved their religious and ethnic identity ” ^[4] . At the same time, Armenian scholar Yaroslav Dashkevich notes: “It is not strange, but the bicentennial bilingualism (or even monolinguism using the exclusively Kipchak language as spoken) of the Armenians in the Turkic-speaking environment did not lead to the formation of the Armenian-Kipchak script. Search for texts in the Kipchak language using Armenian the graphics created in the Tatar-speaking environment in the 13th – 15th centuries and even later have still not been crowned with success . " ^[eight]

The cradle of the Armenian-Kipchak writing is Lviv 20-30 years. XVI century ^[9]

Epigraphic monuments also testify ^[10] that in the 12th – 13th centuries Kipchaks lived on the territory of Armenia, who accepted the faith of the Armenian Apostolic Church. One of the surviving monasteries of the Harich complex in the Artik region of the Shirak region of Armenia, built at the turn of the 12th – 13th centuries , is called Hpchahavank (from the Armenian khpchakh “kypchak” + wank “monastery”) ^[11] .

Features of the Armenian-Kypchak language: in phonetics ^[12] - 9 vowels ( a, ӓ, e, s, u, o, ӧ, y, ӱ ); transition қ to x ( har “snow”, ayah “leg”); the dull beginning of the word ( tash “stone”, kel - “come”); preservation ң ( myң “thousand”, the canopy of “you”); preservation of the explosive nature with affix k, g ( hightmag “return”, bermӓgӓ “give”, satmahka “for sale”, tӧlӓmӓhkӓ “for payment”); stability of h, w and initial affixal l ( khachlar “crosses”, islӓr “affairs”); consistent palatal and labial harmony of vowels; in morphology ^[13] - the dative case for -ka, -kӓ, -ga, -rӓ ; the dative pronoun maңa “me”, saңa “you”, aңar “him”; infinitive on -mag, -mӓgӓ, -ma, -mӓ ; the verbal name na -gan, -gӓn ; desired inclination to -gay, -gӓy ; present in -yyr, -yyir ; participles in -gyncha, -gincӓ, -myncha, -minchӓ, -gachokh, -gӓchokh ; in vocabulary - armenisms of a church-religious nature, a small number of Iranisms and Arabisms, especially inherent in translated texts; mass of Ukrainian, Polish, Latin borrowings. The grammar system is deformed due to the powerful Slavic influence.

The monuments compiled by the Armenian letter have tens of thousands of pages and cover the period from 1521 to 1669. There are 112 monuments in total. These are 28 act books of the Armenian military court of Kamenetz-Podolsky (1572–1663), act, cash and metric books of the Lviv Armenian ecclesiastical court for the same years, “The Kamenets Chronicle”, describing the events of the Tsetsorsk campaign and the Khotyn war of 1620-1621. , “The Venetian Chronicle”, “The Chronicle of Poland”, Code of Law Mkhitar Ghosh with a large number of additional articles and comments, approved by the Polish King Sigismund in 1519, 5 Armenian-Kypchak dictionaries and several glossaries, the composition “Secrets of the Philosopher's Stone” by Andrei Torosovich (1626 ) other.

In libraries and archival collections of Europe, a significant number of Armenian-Kypchak written monuments of church-religious content are stored. Fifteen handwritten Psalms and prayer books are known, and four sermons ^[14] .

The only printed book in the Armenian-Kypchak language - “Algysh Bitiki” (“Prayer Book”) was published in Lviv in 1618 by Hovhannes Karmadanents ^[15] . The only surviving copy of the book is in the library of Leiden University . This is the first in the world not only the Kypchak, but also the Turkic printed book in general ^[14] .

Armenian letter: bolorgir - “round” letter using round uppercase letters and inclined lowercase letters made by direct horizontal and vertical elements; and predominantly notrgir, an inclined cursive script using rounded elements.

Prayer “ Our Father ” in the Armenian-Kypchak language ^[16] :

Atamïz bizim ki köktäsen,
Ari bolsun atïŋ seniŋ,
Kelsin χanlïχïŋ seniŋ,
Bolsun erkiŋ seniŋ nečik köktä alay yerdä,
Ötmäkimizni bizim kündälik ber bizgä bügün,
Bošat bizgä borčumuznu bizim,
Nečik ki biz bošatïrbiz bizim borčlularïmïzga,
Bermägin bizni sïnamaχlïχka,
Yoχsa χutχar bizni yamandan,
Zerä seniŋdir χanlïχ da χuvat,
Da saŋa haybat meŋilik.
Amen.

• Armenians in Poland
• Armenians in Ukraine

• Garkavets O. Vіrmeno-Kipchak manuscripts in Ukraine, Vіrmenії, Rosії: Catalog . - Kyiv: Ukrainian Nationality, 1993. - 328 p. - (Science and education view from Ukraine; Vip. 26. Scheme from Ukraine). - ISBN 5-7702-0532-6 .
• Garkavets A.N. Kypchak written heritage . - 1st ed. - Almaty: Desht-i-Kypchak, 2002. - T. I. Catalog and texts of monuments in Armenian script. - 1084 s.
• Garkavets A.N. Kypchak written heritage . - 1st ed. - Almaty: KASEAN; Baur, 2007 .-- T. II. Monuments of the spiritual culture of Karaites, Kuman-Polovtsy and Armenian-Kipchaks. - 912 p.
• Garkavets A.N. Kypchak written heritage . - 1st ed. - Almaty: KASEAN; Baur, 2010 .-- T. III. Kypchak dictionary. - 1802 s.
• Garkavets A.N. Kypchak written heritage . - 2nd, rev. and add. - Almaty: Baur, 2017. - T. I. Armenian-written monuments stored in Austria, part 1. - 810 p. - ISBN 978-601-80218-9-3 .
• Garkavets A.N. Kypchak written heritage . - 2nd, rev. and add. - Almaty: Baur, 2017 .-- T. II. Armenian-written monuments stored in Austria (part 2), Armenia, Italy, the Netherlands and Poland (part 1). - 941 s. - ISBN 978-601-80218-9-3 .
• Garkavets A.N. Kypchak written heritage . - 2nd, rev. and add. - Almaty: Baur, 2017 .-- T. III. Armenian-written monuments stored in Poland (part 2), Russia, Romania, Ukraine and France. Karaite prayer book. "Codex Cumanicus." - 950 s. - ISBN 978-601-80218-9-3 .
• Garkavets A.N. Kypchak dictionary. According to the Armenian-written monuments of the XVI-XVII centuries. Ed. 3rd, rev . - Almaty: Baur, 2018 .-- 1788 p. - ISBN 978-9965-854-49-1 .
• Garkavets A.N. Kypchak languages: Kuman and Armenian-Kypchak . - Alma-Ata: Science, 1987.
• Garkavets A.N. Convergence of the Armenian-Kypchak language to the Slavic in the 16th-17th centuries . - Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1979. - 100 p.
• Garkavets A.N. Kypchak-speaking Armenians and the Armenian-Kypchak written heritage of the 16th - 17th centuries / Comp. A.N. Garkavets, G.R. Sapargaliev // Kypchak-Polish version of the Armenian Judicial Code and the Armenian-Kypchak Code of Procedure 1519-1594 .. - Almaty: Desht-i-Kypchak, Baur, 2003. - S. 755-776.
• Dashkevich Ya. R. Armenian-Kypchak language of the XV — XVII centuries in the coverage of contemporaries: On the use of extralinguistic data for the history of Turkic languages // Problems of Linguistics . - 1981. - No. 5 . - S. 79-92 .
• Dashkevich Ya. R. Armenian-Kypchak language: Stages of history // Questions of linguistics . - 1983. - No. 1 . - S. 91-107 .
• Dashkevich Ya. , Tryyarsky E. The agreement of N. Torosovich with the Lviv and Kamenets Armenians of 1627 as a monument to the Armenian-Kypchak language // Rocznik Orientalistyczny . - 1969. - T. 33, z. 1. - Str. 77-96
• Dashkevich Ya., Tryyarsky E. Armenian-Kypchak prenuptial agreements from Lviv (1598-1638) // Rocznik Orientalistyczny. - 1970.- T. 33, z. 2. - Str. 67-107
• Dashkevich Ya., Tryyarsky E. Armenian-Kypchak document from Constantinople 1618 // Folia Orientalia . - 1970b. - T. 11. - Str. 123-137
• Dashkevich Y., Tryyarsky E. Armenian-Kypchak inscription from Lviv (1609) and questions of studying medieval monuments of the Armenian Kypchak epigraphy // Rocznik Orientalistyczny. - 1973.- T. 35, z. 2. - Str. 123-135
• Dashkevich Y., Tryarsky E. Armenian-Kypchak testament from Lviv in 1617 and the modern Polish translation for him // Rocznik Orientalistyczny. - 1974.- T. 36, z. 2. - Str. 119-131
• Dashkevich Y., Tryyarsky E. Armenian-Kypchak debt from Edirne (1609) and Lviv (1615) // Rocznik Orientalistyczny. - 1974b. - T. 37, z. 1. - Str. 47-58
• Dashkevich Y., Tryyarsky E. The oldest Armenian-Kypchak document from the Lviv collections (1583) and the study of bilingual pre-nuptial agreements of the Lviv Armenians // Rocznik Orientalistyczny. - 1975 .-- T. 37, z. 2. - Str. 33-47
• Dashkevich Ya. R. Lviv Armenian-Kypchak documents of the 16th — 17th centuries as a historical source // Պատմա-բանասիրական հանդես . - 1977. - No. 2 . - S. 151-176 .
• Dashkevich Ya., Tryyarsky E. Five Armenian-Kypchak documents from the Lviv collections (1599-1669) // Rocznik Orientalistyczny. - 1978a. - T. 39, z. 1. - Str. 85-132
• Dashkevich Y., Tryyarsky E. Armenian-Kypchak money documents from Lviv (late 16th century - 1657) // Rocznik Orientalistyczny. - 1978b. - T. 40, z. 1. - Str. 49-69
• Dashkevich Ya. R. Armenian-Kypchak language: Bibliography of literature 1802-1978 // Rocznik Orientalistyczny. - 1979.- T. 40, z. 2. - Page 79-86
• Dashkevich Y., Tryyarsky E. Three Armenian-Kypchak records of the Lviv Armenian ecclesiastical court of 1625 // Rocznik Orientalistyczny. - 1979b. - T. 41, z. 1. - Str. 57-80
• Safaryan A.V., Saakyan L.S., Armenian-Kypchak manuscripts-sources for studying the history of Turkic languages ​​// Russia and the Turkic-Muslim world: historical and cultural relations: materials of the International Scientific Symposium (Elabuga, April 21-22, 2016 ), scientific. Ed .: Z.S. Minnullin, E.K. Khabibullina, Kazan, ed. Kazan.un-ta, 2017, pp. 168-178.
• Safaryan A., Adilbaev J., On the Armenian-Kazakh cultural relations and scientific cooperation between Armenia and Kazakhstan // Khabarshy - Vestnik, N 1 (110), ENU named after L.N. Gumilyova, Astana, 2016, pp. 113-118.

• Site about the Kypchak language, its monuments
• Information on the Armenian-Kypchak language
• Page of Alexander Garkavets at academia.edu