Communitarianism

The philosophers of modern communitarianism consider their predecessors the representatives of traditional philosophical communitarianism - Aristotle , Thomas Aquinas , Rousseau , Hegel , Antonio Gramsci - and, like the new right , oppose Rawls' liberal concept of justice based on the concept of Hume's justice circumstances. “It can be said briefly that the circumstances of justice arise whenever mutually disinterested individuals put forward conflicting claims regarding the distribution of social advantages in conditions of relative insufficiency. In the absence of these circumstances, the virtue of justice does not arise in the same exact way as physical courage cannot exist in the absence of danger to life and health ” ^[5] . If liberal justice depends on external circumstances, then its absolute priority is impossible. Therefore, the philosopher of modern communitarianism, Michael Sandel, proposes to consider other circumstances of justice - characteristic of traditional societies, where the individual was bound by the bonds of collectivism and where there was a hierarchy by birth right. Such a society is not a society on the other side of justice, which is created by satanic and destructive sects, but a society of hierarchical justice ^[6] . Sandel argues that liberal theories do not take into account the fact that we are rooted in a particular place, time, or culture. This fact has yet to be realized in political life, in all institutions of society, if only it wants to be truly fair. Communitarianists propose to consider justice not as a condition under which atomic individuals can mutually communicate, but as a condition under which people with different affiliations, partially identifying them, can become friends ^[7] . According to MacIntyre , the only way to overcome the flaws inherent in modern liberal theory is to agree with the communitarian concept of justice , which is based on the Aristotelian model with some changes, in particular, any connection with metaphysics is dropped; the human "telos" is considered in the traditional way, while the possibility of a tragic moral conflict is allowed. It should be noted that the most prominent representative of the philosophy of liberalism J. Rawls in later works recognized that his theory of justice is not applicable to relations in the family and in communities of traditional religions. But liberal criticism of communitarianism rightly notes that the whole concept of communitarianism is based on tradition, the concept of which most communitarianists usually do not clearly define ^[8] .

Daniel Bell considered two traditions to be the most important - the study of the capitalism of Karl Marx and the industrialism of Saint-Simon , Comte , Raymond Aron ^[9] . According to other authors, two traditions played an important role in the emergence of this ideological and political trend - philosophical communitarianism (including Marxism, especially Gramsci) as a whole, with its emphasis on the idea of ​​brotherhood and the anarchist tradition that focuses on the possibility of a community without government intervention. The communitarianism that gained fame in the 1980s. in connection with the works of Michael Sandel, Michael Walzer , Alasder MacIntyre , Daniel Bell , Charles Taylor , is very different from Gramsci's Marxism. Marxists see the ideal community as something achievable - even by peaceful means - only through revolutionary changes, the overthrow of capitalism and the building of a socialist society.

The new communitarians are radicals, but not revolutionaries, and believe that the community already exists in the form of common social practices, cultural traditions, and social understanding. A community should not be rebuilt; rather, it needs protection. To some extent, the Communist community sees the community in the very social practices that Marxists see as exploitative and alienating. After in 1990 a group of intellectuals at George Washington University (led by A. Etzioni and W. Galston) formulated a “communitarian platform”, which was signed by many public figures and politicians, the period of popularization of a new trend — ideological communitarianism proper, as a manifesto began which was A. Etzioni's book “The Spirit of Community: Rights, Duties, and the Program of Communitarianism,” published in 1995. Its author encouraged readers to join the communitarian movement to give new life to the institutions of schools and schools, saving them from overwhelming personality traits. Communitarianism advocates the provision of free education , programs to enhance morality, and protect the environment . He firmly links the rights of the individual and the rights of entrepreneurs with social responsibility and allows their restriction in those cases when they are provided by society and implemented at the expense of the state . Prominent representatives of ideological communitarianism proper are also called Robert Bella and Hillary Clinton. Communitarians call leading politicians from different countries and different party affiliates: Democrats Barack Obama ^{[10] [11]} , Hillary Clinton ^{[11] [12]} , B. Clinton and A. Gore , Republicans D. Darenberg and A. Simpson in the USA , Labor E. Blair , conservative D. Willets, liberal P. Ashdown in the UK; the socialist J. Delors in France, the social democrats P. Burger and P. Mayer, the Christian democrat C. Bidenkopf ^[13] , the “ green ” Joshka Fischer ^[2] and Jem Ozdemir ^{[14] [15]} in Germany and others. supporters of the "Big Society" by David Cameron consider themselves conservative communitarianists ^[16] .

According to R. Rorty , despite criticism of liberalism, modern philosophical communitarianism is postmodern bourgeois liberalism ^[17] . The communitarian idea of ​​fraternity may lead to the dominance of Big Brother . Ignoring the various non-traditional voluntary communities, the communist theoretically can easily slide into the suppression of the labor movement outside the unions, even anti-union activity and to suppress under the guise of destructive and Satanist sects any voluntary associations that are different from traditional ones. Communists from the left parties are therefore often called the "new right." On the other hand, since communitarianists often regard Muslim communities from the titular population of Europe and America as unconventional voluntary sects, despite the communitarianism of the Islamic ideology itself, the ideology of “communitarianism” is also used by radical Islamic missionaries in Europe and America, and radical activists concerned about their dictatorship as a single replacement old ideology of "crusaders", "Zionists", " fascists ", "Labor Party", "communists", "trade unionists", "human rights", "feminist", particularly after the announcement of the Pope Benedict January 13, 2013, that "communitarianism development - it is God's plan" ^[18] . In fact, the pope, in his high-style speech, primarily meant “the development of community” and, possibly, the traditional philosophical communitarianism of Christians, and not modern ideological communitarianism and its protection of the traditional values ​​of local communities and visitors (including among Salafists ), and from opposing local neopagans, and not the modern philosophy of communitarianism . They draw attention to the eclecticism of communitarianism, appeals to the Holy Tradition , the Bible , the Koran , Confucianism, even sometimes to Theosophy , Blavatsky , Kabbalah , the similarity of ideological communitarianism with various ideas of national communism about building socialism in one separate country based on its own traditions ^{[19] [20] [21] [22]} .

• Legal marxism
• Corporatism
• Subsidiarity
• Organic democracy
• Islam in Europe