Oryol Region

Oryol Oblast is located in the south-west of the European part of Russia, in the central part of the Central Russian Upland in the forest-steppe zone . The length of the territory from north to south is more than 150 km, from west to east - more than 200 km.

Time Zone

Oryol Oblast is located in the time zone designated by the international standard as the Moscow Time Zone (MSK) . The difference with UTC time is +3: 00h.

Climate

According to Köppen’s classification, the region has a climate type Dfb - a humid continental climate with warm summers.

Oryol Oblast belongs to the zone of temperate continental climate, characterized by warm summers and moderately cold winters. The change of seasons of the year is clearly pronounced. From northwest to southeast, continental climate is increasing. The formation of the region’s climate for all seasons of the year occurs mainly under the influence of the transfer of Atlantic air masses, which have significantly transformed over the territory of Europe. Arctic air, invading here in winter, brings frost, and in summer cool weather. In the summer, warm tropical air comes from the south.

The coldest month is January (an average of −9 to −11), the warmest is July (+ 19 ... + 21). The period with a positive average daily air temperature is 215-225 days, the average frost-free period is 135-150 days.

Humidification at the border of the zones of sufficient and insufficient. The average annual rainfall is 520 - 630 mm, which varies from year to year. The maximum snow cover reaches in the second half of February - the first half of March.

The duration of sunshine is 1600-1800 hours per year. The intensity of solar radiation is 3-4 kWh / m² per day.

Relief

The surface is a hilly plain, dissected by steep river banks and ravines. The highest altitude is 285.9 meters near the village of Dementievka, Novoderevenkovsky District , the lowest is 120 meters on the banks of the Sosna River on the border with the Lipetsk Region.

Hydrography

In the region, there are more than 2 thousand rivers and streams with a total length of 9,100 km, but there are no navigable rivers (only in the city of Orel , excursions are carried out on pleasure boats along the Oka River). They belong to the basins of three rivers: Volga , Don and Dnieper .

The main river of the region: Oka - one of the largest rivers in Europe, originating in the south of the Oryol region. The length within the region is 190 km, the catchment area (basin) is 14.5 thousand km², the average annual flow on the border with the Tula region is 2058 million m³.
Its tributaries: Zusha (average annual flow - 988.6 million m³) with the tributary Neruch , Vytebet , Nugr , Tson , Orlik , Optukha , Rybnitsa , and Kroma .

In the eastern part of the region, Pine flows (annual flow on the border with the Lipetsk Region is 687.0 million m³) with its tributaries: Trudy , Tim , Lyubovsha , Kshen and Olym .

In the west of the region, the Nerussa , Navlya, and Svapa rivers originate with a total annual flow of 210 million m³ related to the Dnieper basin.

Over 60 small rivers with an average annual flow of 3 billion m³ flow through the region. Zusha, Pine, and a number of other smaller rivers, due to a significant difference in elevations, have a fairly rapid flow. Until the 60s, river water was actively used by small hydropower plants and water mills to generate energy. Currently, hydroelectric power stations are available only on the Oka (Shakhovskaya) and Zusha (Novosilskaya and Lykovskaya).

There are many water and fish ponds and reservoirs in the region. The largest of them are Neruchanskoye in the Sverdlovsk region (6.8 million m³), ​​the feeding pond of the Lubna fishing farm (4.5 million m³) of the Khotynetsky district in the western part and a reservoir on the Svapa river in the southern part of the region. 1100 lakes and artificial reservoirs of the region cover a total area of ​​about 55 km² (0.22% lake content). Mostly floodplain lakes, karst also occur. There are much more artificial reservoirs than natural ones.

Marshes and wetlands occupy 0.15% of the region (about 38 km²).

The abstraction of water from all types of natural sources in the Oryol Region is 91.48 million m³ (2014), of which 69.85% are from underground water sources.

Wastewater discharge for 2014 to the region’s water bodies amounted to 64.17 million m³, of which 84.49% was the volume of polluted and insufficiently treated wastewater.

Water is mainly used (48.22%) for drinking and household, as well as for industrial needs (37.4%). Domestic water consumption per capita for 2014 in the Oryol region - 52.8 m³ / year per person, which is lower than the national average - 58.09 m³ / year per person.

Soil

The region is located in the zone of transitional soils from sod-podzolic to predominantly leached and podzolized chernozems.
There are various types of soils in the region - from light gray forest soils in the west to leached and typical chernozems in the east and southeast. In terms of quality composition, arable and natural lands are represented quite diverse: leached chernozem is 12.8%; dark gray forest soils - 23.8%; podzolized chernozem - 29.7%; sod-podzolic and light gray forest soils - 8.1%. And just on arable land in the region there are more than 240 soil varieties.

Flora and fauna

Forests (occupying 9% of the region’s territory, 2008) are mainly represented by oak forests, ash trees, and lime trees. Forests are mainly deciduous, rarely mixed (oak, ash, linden, maple, elm, birch, pine, aspen, alder, spruce, mountain ash - local species; larch is cultivated), concentrated mainly in the north-west of the region. The natural steppe vegetation was preserved fragmentarily in territories unsuitable for arable and grazing animals; feather grass , thyme , low sedge , Don cinquefoil , and chamomile prevail from plants. In the Oryol region, 64 species of mammals, about 200 species of nesting birds, 11 species of amphibians are represented. There are forest species - wood grouse , squirrel , pine marten , elk , otter , roe deer , wild boar , and steppe species - speckled ground squirrel , field lark , jerboa , and steppe polecat .

Minerals

Most of the mineral area is not developed.
There are reserves of iron ore confined to the Kursk anomaly (a large Novoyalta deposit in the Dmitrov district ).
There are also reserves of brown coal, phosphorites , significant reserves of limestone , clay, sand, peat , chalk .
Zeolite is mined near Khotynets . Uranium ore deposit in the south-west of the region.

In tsarist times, the territory of the Oryol region was part of the Oryol province, first of the Kiev province , then of the Belgorod province . In 1778, an independent Oryol province was established.

Oryol Oblast within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was formed by a decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of September 27, 1937 by allocating 25 districts from Kursk Oblast , 29 districts from Western Oblast and 5 districts from Voronezh Oblast ^{[10] [11]} . On January 15, 1938, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR approved the creation of the region ^[12] . Six months later, the Supreme Council of the RSFSR confirmed this decision ^[13] . January 6, 1954 the city of Yelets and 9 districts were listed in the newly formed Lipetsk region .

•   Order of Lenin (June 1, 1967) - For the courage and steadfastness shown by the working people of the Oryol Region in defending their homeland during the Great Patriotic War, and for the successes achieved in the restoration and development of the national economy ^[14] .

The population of the region according to Rosstat is 739,467 ^[7] people. (2019). The population density is 30.00 people / km ² (2019). The urban population is 67.47 ^[9] % (2018).

In terms of natural growth of -6.28 ‰, the region in 2017 was in 79th place among all regions of Russia.

The total fertility rate continues to decline and in 2017 amounted to 1.42, which is less than the indicator both in the Central Federal District (1.47) and in Russia as a whole (1.62).

The longevity index in the Oryol region was 0.756 for 2015 (43rd place).

The HDI amounted to 0.861 in 2016 (0.881 for Russia).

Population change

The total and urban population (its share) according to the All-Union and All-Russian censuses ^{[15] [16]} :

National composition of the population

Oryol Oblast is one of the smallest constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The regional center is the largest city in the region - Oryol . In total there are 7 cities, 14 urban-type settlements and 2922 rural settlements (344 of them (11.77%) without population). It is worth noting that according to VPN-2010, the region ranks 6th in terms of density of rural settlements with an indicator of 11.85 healthy people / 100km², but 70th in terms of population - 92.9 people / healthy people (against 245.2 in Russia).

Administrative territorial structure

According to the Law "On the administrative-territorial structure of the Oryol region", the subject of the Russian Federation includes the following administrative-territorial units : ^{[20] [21]}

• 3 cities of regional significance ( Livny , Mtsensk , Oryol )
• 24 districts .

Municipal unit

In the framework of the municipal structure of the region, within the boundaries of the administrative-territorial units of the Oryol region, a total of 267 municipalities were formed (as of January 1, 2016) ^[22] :

• 3 urban districts
• 24 municipal districts
  • 17 urban settlements
  • 223 rural settlements .

Cities of regional significance and areas (numbers correspond to numbers on the map)

Settlements with a population of more than 3 thousand people

• Gross regional product - 214.3 billion rubles. (2017) ^[24] , 62nd place.
• GRP per capita - 285.4 thousand rubles per person (2017) ^[24] , 57th place.

In terms of the income index, the Oryol region ranked 45th masto with an indicator of 0.852 in 2015, which is much lower than the average indicator of 0.912 for Russia.

The economy has a pronounced industrial-agrarian character. The main part of the occupied area is agricultural land (2085.7 thousand ha ), of which 1662.7 thousand ha (79.7%) is arable land . The share of agriculture in GRP is 12.9% (2007), industry - 28.3% (2006). Specialization in the agricultural sectors proved to be problematic in the 1990s, the GRP growth rates of the Oryol Oblast over the years of economic recovery (1998-2004) were lower than the average for the Russian regions - 142 and 151%, respectively.

The decline in production of the 1990s in mechanical engineering and the processing sectors of the agro-industrial complex was not overcome, therefore, the volume of industrial production of the region in comparable prices in 2006 reached only 68% of the 1990 level.

In the Oryol region there is a special investment regime. International corporations are also showing interest in the region. The production of Italian ceramic tiles (ZAO Velor) by Kerama Marazzi Group has been launched . Recently, a diamond production has been opened in Orel (Zolotoy Oryol CJSC), Frigoglass-Eurasia LLC for the production of refrigeration equipment. Sanofi-Aventis Vostok insulin plant operates. The PVC flooring plant of IVC Rus LLC, which is part of the IVC-group, is preparing to launch ^[25] .

At the end of 2015, the volume of shipped goods and services of own production in the Oryol region in industry amounted to 113.5 billion rubles. ^[26]

The foreign trade turnover of the Oryol region in 2014 amounted to 845 million US dollars. At the same time, exports account for $ 189 million, imports - $ 657 million ^[27] . France is one of the main partners of the region and takes a leading place in the foreign economic activity of the region ^[27]

Industry

The main industries are mechanical engineering (30% of the production volume), food industry (more than 25% with flour milling) and the building materials industry (13%). In addition to Orel, where most of the enterprises are concentrated, there are separate factories in Livny and Mtsensk, as well as in small towns. High metallurgy ferrous metallurgy (7%) arose in the second half of the 20th century due to its convenient transport position. The situation in this industry, which was reoriented to export in the 1990s, is significantly better than other industries, OJSC Orel Steel Rolling Plant (OSPAZ), acquired by Severstal , ensured guaranteed supplies of raw materials and sales of products and increased investment in the industry. In Mtsensk there is an aluminum plant, which emerged as a branch of the Moscow ZIL and working on non-ferrous scrap . Works on the production of fasteners "Parallel".

More than 60% of the industrial output of the Oryol region falls on the city of Oryol, followed by Livny, where machine building and the food industry are developed, and Mtsensk, with its mechanical engineering and secondary aluminum plant, in the second and third places in terms of industrial potential. The remaining industrial enterprises mainly process agricultural products. Among them stands Verkhovye with a large dairy cannery.

Minerals are mined in the Oryol region, although the share of this industry in the region’s economy is small (0.1% of the total volume of shipped products) ^[26] .

Power lines

The main power line is 500 kV linking the Yelets and Novobryansk substations, and supplying the region mainly from the Kursk and Smolensk NPPs .

Agriculture

The economic situation and ownership structure in the agricultural sector has changed. In the 1990s, the regional authorities tried to preserve agricultural enterprises and processing by combining them in the Oryol Niva agricultural holding. He performed the functions of external management for many unprofitable industries and ensured the control of regional authorities in the industry. However, the holding did not solve the problem of modernization of the agro-industrial complex: supporting laggards, it blew out potential leaders. As a result, Orlovskaya Niva broke up into a number of holdings grouped around viable processing enterprises. Thus, in the sugar industry, processing enterprises have taken control of beet-growing farms within their raw material gravity zone. In addition, in recent years, the expansion of large companies in the agro-industrial complex has sharply increased, investments in pig farming and poultry farming , sugar, canning industry and other agricultural processing sectors have increased.

Car

Main roads of the region:

• M2 E 105 “Crimea” (the length within the region is 152 kilometers, through Mtsensk and Orel , Kromy and Trosna )
• R119 Oryol - Tambov (151 km, through Livny )
• P120 Oryol - Vitebsk (57 km, via Naryshkino )
• P92 Kaluga - Oryol (67 km, via Bolkhov )
• A142 E 391 Trosna - Kalinovka (12 km)
• 54A-1 , Orel - Efremov (158 km through Zalegoshch and Novosil . On the territory of the Tula region it is called 70K-124 )

As of 2016, the motorization of the population of the region amounted to 314 cars / 1000 people, which is the 15th indicator among all regions of Russia and above the national average (285) ^[31] .

Railway

The main line is the double-track electrified highway Moscow - Kharkov - Simferopol (136 km, via Mtsensk , Orel , Zmievka and Glazunovka ).

In addition to it, diesel single-track non-electrified lines operate:

• Orel - Yelets (130 km, through Zalegoshch , Verkhovye , Khomutovo and Krasnaya Zarya )
  • with a branch to Livny and Dolgoe ;
• historical Riga - Oryol (64 km, via Naryshkino and Khotynets );
• Oryol - Dmitriev-Lgovsky (83 km, via Kromy );
• Ochochevka - Kolpna (20 km).

Large railway stations and stations: Oryol , Luzhki-Oryol , Verkhovye , Mtsensk , Livny-1.

Aviation

The largest airport is Orel-Yuzhny , which is currently not in operation. There was an airfield in Livny and other settlements.

City passenger transport

Passenger transport for transportation of people operates in the following settlements of the Oryol region:

Pipeline

The largest oil trunk pipeline Druzhba (202 km across the region) was laid through the region. Orel is a major oil product pipelines, including those exported to Belarus , Western Ukraine and the Baltic states , with branches passing through Bryansk and Kursk .

A small section of the Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod gas pipeline runs in the southwestern part of the region.

In 2014, the Oryol Oblast was on the 7th place in the education index with an indicator of 0.955. The share of students in full-time, part-time and part-time departments in 2015 amounted to 4.1% of the region’s population (31,943 students), which was the 9th indicator among Russian regions and higher than the average Russian indicator (3.3).

Орловская область является одним из 15 регионов, в которых с 1 сентября 2006 года был введён в качестве регионального компонента образования предмет Основы православной культуры ^[32] .

В 2017 году высшее образование в области представлено шестью вузами (все государственные) и шестью филиалами (пять государственных, один негосударственный). Крупнейшим по числу студентов является Орловский государственный университет имени И. С. Тургенева ^{[33] [34]} .

На территории области расположены: Литературно-краеведческий музей «Тургеневское полесье» в с. Ильинское , музей-заповедник Спасское-Лутовиново , национальный парк Орловское Полесье , зоовольерный комплекс в п. Жудерский , с. Льгов с каменной церковью во имя Святой Живоначальной Троицы XVIII в., городище и курганный могильник у деревни Радовище , городище Хотимль-Кузмёнково (XI—XII вв.) с, находящимися на его территории, остатками самой крупной в области крепости Хотимля (древнерусский город), Сабуровская крепость .

Памятник истории и архитектуры в Ливнах — построенный в XVII веке Свято-Сергиевский кафедральный собор архиепископа Орловского и Ливенского.

Мемориал Липовчик — одно из мест уничтожения осуждённых в годы сталинских репрессий.

Список музеев , находящихся в Орловской области:

Главой администрации Орловской области в 1993 — 2009 являлся Егор Строев , возглавлявший регион более двадцати лет.

16 февраля 2009 года Указом №167 Президент России Дмитрий Медведев досрочно освободил от должности губернатора Орловской области Егора Строева и назначил временно исполняющим обязанности губернатора области Александра Козлова ^[35] .

В этот же день президент Медведев внёс на рассмотрение Орловского областного Совета народных депутатов кандидатуру Козлова для наделения его полномочиями губернатора. 27 февраля на заседании Орловского областного Совета народных депутатов был рассмотрен вопрос о наделении Александра Козлова полномочиями губернатора. По итогам голосования Козлов был единогласно утвержден в должности губернатора Орловской области ^[36] .

После окончания срока его полномочий на срок до выборов исполняющим обязанности губернатора был назначен Вадим Потомский ^[37] . 14 сентября Вадим Потомский одержал убедительную победу на выборах Губернатора Орловской области ^[38] .

4 октября 2017 года президент РФ Владимир Путин подписал указ о прекращении полномочий губернатора Орловской области Вадима Потомского . Временно исполняющим обязанности главы региона он назначил депутата Мосгордумы Андрея Клычкова ^[39] . 14 сентября 2018 года на выборах главы региона Андрей Клычков уверенно победил. Он набрал 83,55 процентов голосов ^[40] .

Control

Примерно с середины 2000-х гг. появились процессы надрегиональной консолидации органов управления в Орловской области. В 2006 г. в Орёл переместилось Управление Федеральной службы по ветеринарному и фитосанитарному контролю Орловской и Курской областей [1] , в 2007 г. было ликвидировано Курское отделение Московской железной дороги с передачей его функций Орловско-Курскому отделению в Орле (в настоящее время Орловско-Курская дирекция ж.д. станций). В Орле базируется так же Федеральное казенное учреждение «Управление автомобильной магистрали Москва-Харьков» (ФКУ Упрдор «Москва-Харьков») [2]

• Oryol province
• Список глав Орловского региона
• Project: Settlements of Russia / Oryol Oblast