Dulatov, Mirjakip

Mirzhakip Dulatuly was born on November 25, 1885 in aul No. 1 of the Sarykopinsky volost of the Turgai region and county . Origin from the Madiyar clan, which is part of the Argyn tribe of the Middle Zhuz .

The boy early lost his mother Damesh; she died when he was only two years old. Father Dulat died when the boy was 12 years old. Mirjakip graduated from elementary school in the aul. In 1901, he entered the State Russian-Kazakh School, whose pedagogical class he graduated in 1902, becoming a rural teacher. The teacher of the Kazakh language in this school was Akhmet Baitursynov , with whom in the future the literary and political activities of Mirjakip Dulatov will be inextricably linked. In 1904, Mirkakip met with Alikhan Bukeikhanov in Karkaraly .

In 1907, Dulatov went to St. Petersburg at the All-Russian Congress of Cadets as a delegate from the Kazakh party of constitutional democrats. In St. Petersburg, he creates the magazine "Serke" and in his only issue publishes the poem "Zhastarka" (Youth) . He also writes an article “Bіzdіn maқsatymyz” (Our goal) for the second issue of the magazine, which has never been published.

By a royal decree of July 3, 1907, Kazakhs, like all the indigenous peoples of Siberia and Central Asia, were denied the right to participate in the State Duma of Russia, which fundamentally undermined the very possibility of national self-government. In his article “The Law of July 3 and the Kazakhs,” Dulatov criticized this decision as unfair: “If deputies from the Kazakhs do not participate in solving Kazakh issues, then no matter how competent and eloquent the deputies speaking on these matters are, no competent there can be no solution , ”he wrote.

Dulatov’s political credo was clearly defined when in 1909 he released his first poetry collection “Oyan, Cossack!” (Wake up, Kazakh!) , The first edition of which was published in Ufa by the printing company “Eastern Press” (Shark) of the “Karimov, Khusainov and Co. "

The print run was immediately confiscated. It was only possible to republish the book in 1911, when Dulatov returned to Turgai.

In 1910, Dulatov wrote the book “Baitysyz Zhamal” (Unfortunate Zhamal) , which is the first novel written in the Kazakh language, and also, probably, the first art work in the Muslim East devoted to the problem of the unequal position of women in that society. At the same time, Dulatov is becoming one of the leaders of Kazakh reformism and the national liberation movement. Because of his publications, he falls under the supervision of the police and in the field of view of the royal secret police . Once blacklisted, he can’t take a job in the city for a long time. And in 1911 he was arrested in Semipalatinsk and sentenced to a year and eight months in prison.

After his release, Dulatov began to be regularly published in the Aygap magazine and the Kazakh newspaper , which he founded in 1913 together with Akhmet Baitursynov , who had also recently left the Semipalatinsk prison. In his poems and articles, he criticizes the socio-economic and political situation of the Kazakh people under the yoke of the imperial administration. In 1913 he published the patriotic poem “Azamat” (Citizen) .

In 1914, the Turkologist Vladimir Gordlevsky as the most prominent representatives of Kazakh literature chose Abay Kunanbayev and Mir-Yakub Dulatov to publish their works in the "Oriental Collection", published in honor of the 70th anniversary of the famous orientalist, academician N. I. Veselovsky .

In 1916, Dulatov, Baitursynov, and Alikhan Bukeikhanov opposed the Tsar’s decree of June 25 to call the Kazakhs to front-line work, which, in their opinion, “ could bring a people already on the verge of extinction to a real famine, since it will lose the most productive part of society . ” At the same time, Dulatov became the creator of the first starving aid fund in Kazakh history.

In the summer of 1917, Mirzhakip Dulatov became one of the organizers of the First All-Kazakh Congress in Orenburg , where the first Kazakh political party “ Alash ” was actually formed, and in December, shortly after the October Revolution , the Second All-Kazakh Congress, which proclaims Kazakh autonomy as part of the future federal Russia under the leadership of Mensheviks . Dulatov becomes a member of the Alash-Orda government under the leadership of Bukeikhanov and Baitursynov. At the same time, Dulatov heads a committee to help the starving Kazakhs of the Semirechensk and Syrdarya regions , founded with the mediation of the youth organization Zhanar ^[1] . Until May 1919, Alash-Orda tried to negotiate with both the Reds and the Whites . But neither one nor the other recognized her. The supreme ruler of Russia, Admiral Kolchak, refused to negotiate, and the Bolsheviks who came to power abolished the Alash-Orda Autonomy in February 1920. Its leaders were amnestied, and although they entered the local government, they were constantly monitored by the NKVD .

Dulatov returned to publishing and teaching and from 1922 to 1928 lived in Orenburg . In 1928 Mirjakip sharply opposed the abolition of the Arabic alphabet . He saw the danger of Yanalif in breaking the connection of the people with written history . According to Dulatov, a change in the alphabet could initiate the degradation of the native language and the alienation of the people from their own history.

On December 29, 1928, he was arrested by the NKVD on charges of Kazakh nationalism and placed in a Kzyl-Orda prison. Zhusipbek Aymauytov sat in neighboring chambers with him, and again, as in Tsarist times, Akhmet Baitursynov. During interrogation in 1929, in response to the accusation of nationalism, Mirjakip replied: "We want our country to belong to us . " In his official last word, he said: “For the sake of the future of my people, I am obliged to do everything possible. If I am mistaken, then together with the people. Sooner or later, truth will triumph . ” Dulatov was sentenced to death by shooting , but soon she was replaced by 10 years in prison.

He served two years in Butyrka prison , then was exiled to the Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp . By that time, the name of Mirjakip was already in the Literary Encyclopedia , as well as in the Lesser Soviet Encyclopedia . Thanks to this, the scientist and priest Florensky recognized him in the camp, who was able to arrange him as a medical assistant in a hospital. Mustafa Shokai tried to arrange for Dulatova to escape from Solovki when a merchant ship from France went there, but the prisoner refused, fearing for the fate of the family. And on October 5, 1935 Mirzhakip Dulatov died in the Central Infirmary of the Sosnovets Camp and was buried in a free cemetery.

Dulatov was posthumously rehabilitated in 1988. He was recognized as a pioneer of modern Kazakh literature and one of the leaders of the national liberation movement. The initiator of the rehabilitation was his daughter Gulnar (1915-2013 ^[2] ), a doctor by profession. Gulnar Dulatova was also the initiator of the rehabilitation of other Alash-Orda activists such as Akhmet Baitursynov and Alikhan Bukeikhanov .

However, according to other sources, his actual rehabilitation did not take place until April-May 2004, when the prosecutor’s office in Almaty, on the application of the granddaughter of Dulatov, recovered a criminal case against Mirzhakip (Mir-Yakub) Dulatov from the DKNB’s archive in Almaty on charges of Art. 58-2 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR. In 2004, the Almaty city prosecutor’s office issued an official certificate to Dulatov’s rehabilitation in accordance with Art. 14 of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On the rehabilitation of victims of mass political repression."

In 1990, the Government of the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic created a special commission that identified the remains of Mirzhakip Dulatov on the basis of evidence from local residents, facts and documents. In October 1992, the remains of Mirzhakip Dulatov were transported to their homeland and buried with honors in the village of Bidayyk, Dzhangeldinsky district, Turgai region (now part of the Kostanai region ).

• Every year, the Writers' Union of Kazakhstan awards a literary prize to them. M. Dulatova.
• Since 2003, Kostanai University of Engineering and Economics has been named after him.
• In 2005, at the Kazakh National University. Al Farabi in Almaty opened a memorial bas-relief to the founders of Kazakh journalism and the press Alikhan Bokeikhanov, Akhmet Baitursynov and Mirzhakip Dulatov.
• Streets in Astana , Almaty, Kostanay and other cities of Kazakhstan are named after him.

Movies

• Kalila Umarov . “Mirzhakyptyn Oraluy” - “Returns of Mir-Yakub”, Kazakhtelefilm. 1993. Documentary
•   Berik Barysbekov. “Myrzhakyp Dulatov is my father”, Kazakhfilm. 2011. Documentary

• Oyan! Qazaq !, 1909
• Baqitsiz Jamal, 1910
• Azamat, 1913
• Terme, 1915
• Esep Kurali, 1922
• Kiyragat Kitabi, 1924

Reprints

• “Oyan, Cossack”, Almaty, Altyn Orda, 1991.
• Mirzhakyp Dulatuli. Shygarmalary (Works in 2 volumes), Almaty, Zhazushi , 1991.
• Dulatov M. Favorites. Almaty, Gylym , 1991.
• Mirjakip Dulatuli. Works in 5 volumes, Almaty, 2002-2003.

• Akmola Regional Congress of Kazakhs

• Dulatov, Mirzhakyp // Kazakhstan. National Encyclopedia . - Almaty: Kazakh encyclopedias , 2005. - T. II. - ISBN 9965-9746-3-2 .
• Mirzhakip Dulatov: Artworks, photo