Dzerzhinsk (Minsk region)

During its long history, the center of the district had three names - Krutogorye, Koydanovo, Dzerzhinsk. The first mention of the city dates back to the middle of the XII century . As the famous 19th century Belarusian ethnographer Pavel Shpilevsky writes, “Koydanov was once called Krutogory, between the buildings of which there was a large stone castle with a magnificent menagerie. If another legend was added to this legend, that in the old Koydanovskaya (burnt down) Orthodox church there was an icon with the inscription “Krutogorye, 1146”, then it can be assumed that until the second half of the 12th century, the name Koydanovo did not yet exist. ”

In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

The name "Koydanovo", in terms of toponymy, is a possessive adjective on behalf of Koydan (belonging to Koydan). After the death of Tokhtamysh in 1406, many of his entourage received plots from Vitovt and remained to live in Lithuania, leaving their lands in the Golden Horde. The name Koydan into Russian is just translated as "Thrown over the land."

The settlement called Koydanovo was first mentioned around 1439 , when one of the first churches was founded here on the territory of modern Belarus; then in 1445 , in connection with the transfer of Koydanovo along with other cities, the Grand Duke of Lithuania Casimir IV Yagelons to his brother Mikhail Zhigimontovich.

In 1483, the settlement passed to Prince Vasily Mikhailovich Vereisky ( Dmitry Donskoy's great-grandson).

After the death of Prince Vasily Vereisky in 1501, his wife, Maria, owned it. As a result of her daughter's marriage with the GDL Chancellor Albrecht Gastold in 1522, it passed to Gastholds. From this time on, the settlement was sometimes called “Gashtoldovo” in the documents.

In 1502 and 1503, the Crimean Tatars were twice burned.

In 1542 the Polish king Sigismund I Old became the owner of Koydanovo, who next year transferred the city to his son Sigismund II Augustus . The city was the center of Koydanovsky eldership , later - the county. In 1550 Sigismund II Augustus gave Koydanovo with the castle to Barbara's brother Nikolai Radzivil Rizhiy . The Radziwills owned Koydanov until 1831.

Since 1566 as part of the Minsk Voivodship of the Lithuanian principality .

Since the second half of the XVI century it is one of the largest centers of Calvinism . Around 1564, a wooden Calvinist temple was built (from 1613, it was stone, it has not been preserved to this day). There was a plebania , a school, a poorhouse .

According to the census of 1588 - a town, 120 smokes , a castle, a town hall, a Calvinist church, a church, a market, 2 taverns , 4 water mills, farm buildings, streets: Market, Rubezhevichskaya, Slutskaya, Vilenskaya, Minsk, Stankovskaya, Plebanskaya.

Polish King Sigismund III Waza gave residents the right to hold two big fairs a year: the Meeting of the Holy Trinity , and the weekly bazaar. Later, fairs began to act on both Yuri (in May) and Pokrov .

In 1620, the center of Koydanovo was the market square, which from four sides was built up with houses of artisans and merchants. There were 5 shops, a tavern, 23 petty-bourgeois courtyards. In the town there were 110 yards.

During the Russian-Polish war of 1654-1667, the place was burned several times, it was particularly hard hit in 1655.

In 1791, there were 134 smoke .

Within the Russian Empire

After the second section of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1793) became part of the Russian Empire .

In 1800 - the courtyard and town, the property of Dominic Radziwill , 277 yards, 1237 inhabitants, the Uniate Church of the Intercession of the Virgin, a Calvinist church, a post office, 2 mills, and trade shops.

In the Patriotic War of 1812, Koydanovo was captured by French troops, a sub-prefecture was organized, and warehouses with food were located. In mid-November 1812, a major battle took place, as a result of which the French lost about 1,000 soldiers killed, 64 officers, and about 4,000 soldiers were captured. This victory opened the way to Minsk for the Russian troops ^[5] .

In 1815, 262 male inhabitants lived in the town.

In 1840, many residents died from a cholera epidemic.

In 1851 a stone Orthodox church was built.

In 1866, there were 234 courtyards, 1383 inhabitants, a church, a church, a church , a synagogue .

During the uprising of 1863-64, insurgent units led by Vankovich and Askerka acted in the vicinity of Koydanovo.

An inn was built in the first half of the 19th century (burned down by Polish troops in 1920).

In 1871 a railway passed through Koydanovo, a two-story station building was built.

At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, an Orthodox church, a Calvinist church, a church, a folk and city school, a synagogue, two Jewish schools, a poorhouse, a bristle factory, more than 30 shops, a steam mill, a brewery, 6 fairs took place every year.

In 1885, a pork bristle cleaning factory began operating.

In 1897, there were 4,744 inhabitants.

In 1899, the match factory began to operate (burned down in 1919), in which in 1900 there were 208 workers.

In 1905-1907, anti-government demonstrations of workers occurred repeatedly.

In 1908, the city college began to operate, which in 1913 was transformed into a higher primary school. In 1912-13, the Belarusian poet Kondrat Krapiva studied here.

Since 1908 sawmill operated.

In 1909, in the town - 518 yards, 4696 inhabitants; At the station - 15 inhabitants.

In the years 1911-12, there were courses in gardening and vegetable growing.

In the First World War since the summer of 1915 it was located in the front line. Since the spring of 1916, the German aircraft have repeatedly bombed the town and the railway station.

Since 1916, the factory worked dry paints. In November 1916, the 131st Infantry Division was formed in the vicinity of Koydanovo (the 15th Siberian Rifle Division) since January 1917, and Major General Vladimir Fyodorovich Dzhunkovsky was appointed head of the division ^[6] .

After 1917

In 1917, there were 781 yards in the town, 4009 inhabitants.

In March 1917, the Council of Soldiers' Deputies was created, and in May the Bolshevik Committee was organized. In November 1917, Soviet power was established.

In February-December 1918, it was occupied by the troops of Kaiser Germany.

From January 1, 1919 - as part of the BSSR .

From August 1919 to July 1920, it was occupied by Polish troops, who in July 1920 burned the town. Of the 11 streets left 4, 200 houses burned down. Released by the Red Army , created by the Revolutionary Committee .

In October-November 1920, it was occupied by Polish troops for the second time, then it was in a neutral zone between Polish and Soviet units. According to the Treaty of Riga remained in the composition of the BSSR .

Since July 17, 1924 - the center of Koydanovsky district.

On May 3, 1932, Koydanovo received city status, on June 29, 1932, it was renamed Dzerzhinsk.

In 1926 there were 750 houses, 5475 inhabitants.

From January 15, 1929, the district newspaper Krasny Koydanovets began to appear, from 1930, the Tractor, in 1931-1932, the Drummer of Koydanovshchina.

In 1930 a machine and tractor station was established.

In 1939, there were 8,700 inhabitants in Dzerzhinsk.

From June 28, 1941 to July 7, 1944, it was occupied by the German fascist troops ^[7] .

Near the city is Dzerzhinskaya mountain - the highest point of Belarus (elevation 345 meters above sea level).

Development

According to the general plan of 1948, it was planned to radically change the face of the city. Soon, commissioning of 12 industrial enterprises took place, administrative buildings, buildings of a house of culture, a cinema, a post office, a radio center, 2 schools were constructed; 40 two-storey residential houses, a stadium was opened, on the site of an ancient castle - residential premises.

The modern place is occupied by both banks of the river Nitechka. Main planned street - st. Lenin, which formed the central square - a public center with administrative buildings.

The boulevard connects the square with the shopping center (the historical part of the city at the corner of K. Marx and Leninskaya streets). The central part, as well as Minskaya street and the embankment of the river are built up with multi-storey residential buildings.

Transportation

The railway line Minsk-Passazhirsky - Baranavichy Polessye passes through the city. There is one railway station in the city - Koydanovo and one stopping point - Dzerzhinsk .

The route Minsk - Dzerzhinsk daily ply route taxis .

Also, a city bus goes around the city, in one round it goes around to 18 stops.

Streets and squares

The population of the city is 28,253 people (as of January 1, 2019) ^[2] .

• Fortification "Gasthold Mountain"
• Local History Museum
• Catholic church of St. Anne
• Holy Protection Church

Belongs to the Russian Orthodox Church . It was built on the place of wood in about 1851 , the walls and ceilings in the side aisles are made of brick, the main drum is made of wood. Now the church services are held .

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  Holy Protection Church

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  Catholic church of St. Anne

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  District Executive Committee Building

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  House of Culture

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  Karl Marx Street

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  Sovetskaya street

To date ^{[ when? ]} its industry is represented by the 21st enterprise of various forms of ownership. The main industries are mechanical engineering and metalworking (experimental mechanical, experimental mechanical, engine repair, and other plants), light (garment factory "Eliz", textile factory, flax plant) and the food industry (bakery). In the area there are 16 agricultural organizations, JSC "Dzerzhinsky Agrokombinat", livestock breeding association "Shikotovichi." The main branches of agriculture: meat and milk production, flax farming.

The region produces minerals: peat, sand materials, clay for coarse ceramics.

Liquidated: linen factory, bakery and dairy.

•   Volokolamsk , Russia
•   Vasylkiv , Ukraine

• Ghetto in Dzerzhinsk

• Dzerzhinsk 1932, Highmountain 1146, Koydanovo 1932
• Pictures on Radzima.org
• "100 roads": Living gold