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Toyota Prius

Toyota Prius ( / ˈpriːəs / ) is the world's first mass -produced hybrid passenger car driven by both gasoline and electric engines, manufactured by Toyota's Japanese corporation since 1997. The Latin word prius ( プ リ ウ ス ) in the name of the model is interpreted as the first, initial [1] . The car has a low level of harmful emissions and low fuel consumption . For its environmental friendliness and originality of the design, he received many prizes and awards, including being recognized as the car of the year in Japan [2] [3] , North America [4] and Europe [5] . Toyota also received an award from UNEP , the United Nations Environment Division, for the development of environmentally friendly cars, including the Prius model [6] .

Toyota Prius
2018 年 12 月 改良 型 プ リ ウ ス フ ロ ン ト .jpg
Updated Prius 2019 model year
Total information
ManufacturerToyota
Years of production1997 - present
Design
Body type4-dv. sedan (5-seater) (1997-2003)
5-dv. hatchback (5-seater) (since 2003)
Transmission
CVT
On the market
Similar modelsHonda Insight , Chevrolet Volt , Hyundai Ioniq

The first-generation sedan went on sale in December 1997, but only in Japan. And since 2000, a slightly modernized car began to be delivered to North America and Europe. In the fall of 2003, a second generation car was released. The sedan was replaced by a longer, wider and streamlined hatchback with a large tailgate at the rear [7] . The Prius was becoming more popular, and the public was looking forward to the third-generation model, which was introduced in the spring of 2009. The silhouette of the car has not undergone major changes, but smooth lines have been replaced by more fashionable clear contours and flat surfaces [8] . In December 2015, the latest fourth-generation Prius began to be sold in Japan [9] .

In addition to the base model, the larger Prius station wagon is available.α / v / + and more compact hatchback Aqua / Prius c , as well as the Prius PHV ( Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle ) with a larger battery that can be recharged from an external power source.

From 2009 to 2019, the Prius was sold in Russia.

Creation History

 
Toyota Prius prototype first shown in autumn 1995

In September 1993, Toyota launched a project called G21 (Global 21) and created a group of 10 people who were tasked with formulating requirements for a 21st century car. The results were presented by the end of the year: the new car should be compact, but roomy, with a long wheelbase and economical.

On February 1, 1994, the G21 project, led by Takeshi Uchiyamada , officially started. Since the main goal for the car of the future was to reduce emissions and fuel consumption , the developers focused on the power drive. At that time, hybrid systems using an internal combustion engine and an electric motor were already known, but it seemed unrealistic to create such a drive by the beginning of the 21st century. Therefore, work began on an engine with direct injection and a highly efficient automatic transmission . And the goal was to achieve a one-third reduction in fuel consumption compared to existing cars [10] .

In November 1994, the company's management set a more ambitious task, to halve fuel consumption. This could only be accomplished using a hybrid drive ( Eng. Hybrid vehicle drivetrain ). No theory then existed, and the development team went through various options for six months until it came to a circuit with two electric motors later called the Toyota Hybrid System (THS). The final decision to create a hybrid car suitable for serial production was made in July 1995 [11] .

But first, it was necessary to finish the conceptual model . Shown in the fall of 1995 at the Frankfurt [12] and Tokyo [13] car dealerships, the hybrid car had a completely different drive called the Energy Management System (EMS). In order to distinguish a concept from a car being prepared for mass production, the latter was called the Prius (First) [14] .

In early November 1995, the first prototype of the future car was assembled, but it did not budge. For 49 days, the developers tried to make him move, and when he drove the first 500 meters and died out, everyone was just happy. This was only the beginning, before the creation of a car suitable for production, it was necessary to solve a mountain of problems. Moreover, the launch date was postponed from 1998 to December 1997. They decided to present the car by the beginning of the conference on climate change [15] .

By August 1997, all tests were completed, and in September, pre-assembly began at Takaoka Plant [16] . On December 10, the first production cars left the assembly line, all the promises were fulfilled and fully consistent with the advertising company under the slogan “Just in time, by the beginning of the 21st century” [17]

The innovative car required special attention and a special service was created at the company, which quickly monitors all the problems that a buyer had [18] . Despite concerns, the car was pleasant, and its sales gradually grew. Buyers were not confused by the strange appearance of the model and its not the most outstanding driving properties. Prius was chosen for low fuel consumption, low exhaust toxicity, and most importantly - because the car was full of technical innovations [19] .

An unprecedented feature of this project was that unknown and untested technologies were investigated and prepared for mass production in just about two years.

Hybrid Powertrain

 
Toyota Prius Hybrid Powertrain Scheme: Engine and Electromotor Spin the Wheels and Interact

You must immediately clarify that the Prius is refueling only with gasoline, it generates all the necessary electricity itself. Its hybrid power drive ( Eng. Hybrid vehicle drivetrain ) is constructed in such a way that allows both the gas engine and the electric motor to directly connect to the drive wheels of the car and interact with each other. With this scheme, each of the engines operates in the highest efficiency mode, which ensures low fuel consumption and low toxicity of the exhaust of a gasoline engine. In addition, the drive has a generator , an electric current converter and a battery .

When starting and driving at low speed, when the efficiency of the gasoline engine is low, the car travels on electric traction, using an electric motor, discharging the battery. With increasing speed, an internal combustion engine comes into operation, which simultaneously spins the drive wheels and the generator, charging the battery. With a sharp press on the gas pedal, both engines, gasoline and electric, come into operation, providing intensive acceleration. And when braking, in conjunction with a conventional brake system, an electric motor is used that works in generator mode: it creates an additional braking torque on the wheels while charging the battery. When you stop, even for a short time, everything turns off. The transition from one operating mode to another occurs automatically and is practically not noticeable [20] [21] .

Sometimes a gasoline engine runs on a standing car, for example, if it needs to warm up or if the battery is discharged and needs to be recharged [22] . When there is not enough gas in the tank, the car will not start, despite the charged battery, it must be filled up so that the low fuel level warning lamp goes out [23] . During long-term storage, the battery discharges, so the car must be started at least once every few months [22] .

Environmental Impact

 
The inscription on the cover of the Toyota Prius gas tank can be translated as: - "Spit on gas!"

Numerous state and independent studies have shown [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] that the Prius did, initially, have significantly lower fuel consumption and emissions. Over time, manufacturers of internal combustion engines made them more economical and cleaner, and many firms launched the production of hybrid cars. And although the Prius has also been improved, in recent years it has become difficult for him to compete with electric vehicles in terms of environmental friendliness [29] . But he still has advantages over them, such as quick refueling and a long run until the next tank refill.

The car is designed so that most of its plastic parts are easily recycled [30] , and such toxic materials as recycling are not used [31] . The noise insulation of the cabin and even the rubber hoses of the model are made from industrial waste [32] .

Immediately after the Prius was put into production, a network of collection points for used batteries was created, which are then sent for recycling [33] . In addition, together with other Japanese manufacturers, Toyota launched a special program for the extraction and reuse of rare earth metals used in electric motors [34] .

Prius compared to conventional cars ( EPA data converted to metric units) [35]

Fuel consumption, l / 100 km
2001-2003
Toyota Prius
5.7
Honda civic
6.9
Ford focus
8.4
2004—2010
Toyota Prius
5.1
Chevrolet cobalt
8.8
Honda accord
9.0
2011—2015
Toyota Prius
4.9
Hyundai Elantra
7.3
Chevrolet malibu
9.0
2016-2017
Toyota Prius
4,5
Chevrolet cruze
6.9
Nissan Sentra
7.3
CO 2 emissions in g / km
2001-2003
Toyota Prius
135
Honda civic
162
Ford focus
197
2004—2010
Toyota Prius
120
Chevrolet cobalt
206
Honda accord
213
2011—2015
Toyota Prius
115
Hyundai Elantra
173
Chevrolet malibu
212
2016-2017
Toyota Prius
106
Chevrolet cruze
165
Nissan Sentra
173

Vehicle Versions

In December 1997, sales of the first-generation Prius began in Japan. It was a four-door sedan with a passenger compartment for five and a separate trunk. The car was equipped with a 1.5-liter gasoline engine and a 30-kilowatt electric motor. In 2000, after modernization, during which the return on the hybrid system was improved and fuel economy was improved, the first generation Prius was introduced in North America and Europe [36] .

 
The "classic" Toyota Prius of the second generation with the famous triangular profile

The second-generation Prius went on sale in September 2003. The large streamlined car now had a five-door hatchback type body . The electric motor of its hybrid power plant was powered by twice as much voltage, it became more powerful, so the gasoline engine came into operation less often, which gave significant fuel savings [37] .

In May 2009, the third-generation Prius was introduced in Japan. If outwardly he retained the features of his predecessor, only had more fashionable flat surfaces and sharper edges, then his hybrid power drive was 90% new. The 1.8-liter engine specially developed for the model worked at a lower speed most of the time, less load, saving fuel. The redesigned transmission became more compact and lighter, and the electrical part of the system worked even at a higher voltage, which increased its return [38] .

In July 2007, Toyota showed the Prius PHV ( Plug-in Hybrid Vechicle ) prototype car, created on the basis of the second-generation model, which had a twice as large battery, recharged from an external power supply [39] . The model combined the environmental cleanliness of the electric vehicle and the long run to refuel the hybrid . At the end of 2009, after the launch of the third-generation Prius, tests began on its rechargeable version with the latest lithium-ion battery . Soon, limited lots of cars began to be offered for rent to government and commercial organizations in key markets: in Japan, North America and Europe [40] . The company decided to study the requirements of customers for cars of this type and find the optimal balance between mileage, charging time, size and cost of the battery. At the end of January 2012, the Prius PHV rechargeable hybrid went on sale. A car could drive about 25 kilometers only on electric traction and was fully charged in 90 minutes [41] .

 
Toyota Prius v seven-seater station wagon

The Prius α station wagon with an increased wheelbase was introduced in Japan in May 2011. Five adults and luggage up to 552 liters could comfortably accommodate in it. There was also a seven-seater version of the car with three rows of seats and a trunk of 200 liters. To accommodate an additional row of seats, the standard battery was replaced with a more compact lithium-ion battery, which was moved from the trunk to the niche between the front seats [42] . The same car called Prius v ( versatile - universal ) at the end of the year went on sale in North America [43] , and in the summer of 2012 - in Europe, under the name Prius + [44] .

 
Compact Toyota Prius c

In December 2011, Japan introduced the compact Aqua hatchback with the lowest fuel consumption in the world at that time [45] . In the spring of next year, this car called the Prius c ( city ​​- city ) began to be sold in North America [46] . The car was half a meter shorter than the basic Prius model, equipped with a 1.5-liter gasoline engine and had a compact battery located under the rear seat.

Built on the new TNGA ( Toyota New Global Architecture ) corporate platform, the fourth-generation Prius went on sale in Japan in December 2015. Futuristic-looking, angular with notches and zigzag elements, the car was very different from its predecessors. The engine of the model remained the same, but its efficiency was increased, the completely changed transmission became even more compact, and the electronic components created on the new elementary base were much more economical. An independent rear suspension, as well as a battery located under the rear seat, significantly increased the amount of luggage. For the first time, but only in Japan, an all-wheel drive version of the car with a periodically connected rear axle drive was offered [47] .

In February 2017, the updated Prius PHV appeared , created on the basis of the fourth-generation model, but with a slightly different design for the front and back. A battery of increased capacity allowed him to drive in electric mode up to 68 kilometers. It was possible to bring its charge to 80% of the maximum at the fast recharging station in just 20 minutes. The time of a full charge from a household power network ranged from 2 to 14 hours, depending on the voltage and the permissible current strength [48] . In North America, the same car is sold under the name Prius Prime [49] .

Prius Versions
PriusPrius PHVPrius α / v / + [50]Aqua / Prius c [51]
GenerationsI [52] [53]II [54]III [55]IV [56]I [57]II [58]--
CodeNHW10NHW11NHW20Zvw30ZVW50Zvw51ZVW55 *Zvw35ZVW52ZVW40 **Zvw41NHP10
Years of release1997—
2000		2000—
2003		2003—
2009		2009—
2015		2015—2011—
2016		2017—2011—2011—
BodySedanHatchbackStation wagonHatchback
Cx0.3 [59]0.3 [60]0.26 [61]0.25 [62]0.24 [63]0.25 [64]0.25 [65]0.29 [66]0.28 [67]
Length mm427543104450446045404480464546153995
Wheelbase mm2550270027802550
Weight, kg***125412201270135013701390149014401530149014701080
Gas engine
Working volume, cm³149617791496
Power, kW (h.p.)43 (58)53 (72)57 (77)73 (99)72 (98)73 (99)72 (98)73 (99)54 (74)
Electric motor
power, kWtthirty3350605353 + 5.3 ****60536045
Maximum
voltage, V		273.6 [68]500 [69]650 [70]600 [71]650 [72]600 [73]650 [74] [75]520 [76]
Battery
Type ofNi-MHLi-ionNi-MHLi-ionLi-ionNi-MHNi-MH
Capacity, Ah6.53.66.521.525five6.56.5
Voltage273.6 [68] [77]201.6 [69] [70] [71]207.2 [71]201.6 [78]207.2 [57]351.5 [58]201.6 [74]201.6 [75]144 [76]
Weight, kg80 [79]55 [80]39 [81]41 [82]40 [83]24 [84]40 [83]80 [72]120 [73]31.5 [85]41 [86]31 [87]
* four-wheel drive
** seven places
*** maximum curb weight
**** front + back

Government Support

A major role in the distribution of the Prius model was played by the support of governments, which in the form of subsidies , tax breaks and discounts supported buyers who purchased less polluting cars.

In Japan, a Prius buyer could benefit from up to $ 7,300 in benefits, including by reducing purchase tax, manufacturer tax, and increased depreciation . In the United States from 2002 to 2007, four billion dollars were allocated for tax rebates to those who buy a hybrid car. In the UK, a £ 1,000 subsidy is granted to every buyer of such a car. In France, a tax rebate of around 2,000 euros was introduced on clean cars.

In general, shortly after the start of world Prius sales, the governments of eleven states began to support green cars [88] .

In addition to net cost savings, the Prius, as a non-polluting car, has a special status in most European cities. So, in London, he was exempted from tax at the entrance to the central part of the city [89] .

Interesting Facts

  • Shortly after the start of massive sales of the Prius in the United States, an emigrant from the USSR, university professor Alex Severinsky, sued Toyota, claiming that it infringed a number of his hybrid transmission patents. After six years of litigation, the dispute was resolved: the parties agreed that some Toyota cars used proprietary technologies, but the Prius hybrid transmission was created as part of the Toyota research program, regardless of any other inventions [90] .
  • A study by the National Bureau of Crimes in the United States Insurance ( NICB ) revealed that the Prius has extremely low theft. So, while in 2008-2010, on average, every 78 cars were hijacked, for Prius this figure was one hijacking for 606 cars. And of these stolen - 97% of the cars their owners received back [91] .
  • The Japan Insurers Association in its report as of November 2017 reports that with a general decline in the number of car thefts, thieves have focused on individual models. Thus, the Prius share reached 22% of all stolen cars, which is a record for the last four years [92] .
  • Many Hollywood stars owned a Prius. Among them: Jessica Alba , Natalie Portman , Jennifer Aniston , Cameron Diaz , Salma Hayek , Gwyneth Paltrow , Julia Roberts , Demi Moore , Julianne Moore , Claudia Schiffer , Leonardo DiCaprio , Tom Hanks , Harrison Ford , Matt Damondon , Orland Cooper , Owen Wilson , Dustin Hoffman , Matt Groening [93] .

Facts and Figures

Timeline [94]
YearMonthEvent
1995OctoberPrius concept model shown at Tokyo Motor Show
NovemberThe first prototype of a production car was built
1997MarchIntroduced THS Hybrid Power Drive ( Toyota Hybrid System )
OctoberFirst-generation first-generation Prius shown
 
DecemberCar sales started in Japan
2000NovemberPrius total sales reached 50 thousand units [95]
2002AugustPrius sales reached 100 thousand units [96]
2003AprilSecond Generation THS II Hybrid Power Drive Introduced [97]
SeptemberSecond-generation fully redesigned Prius shown to the public
 
2004NovemberPrius recognized as 2005 car in Europe
2005DecemberSecond-generation Prius production begins in China
2006AprilPrius total sales reached 500 thousand cars [98]
2008AprilPrius total sales reached one million cars [99]
2009MayPresented updated Prius third generation
 
2010JanuaryAccording to the results of 2009, Prius took first place in sales in Japan [100]
SeptemberPrius total sales reach two million units [101]
NovemberThird-generation Prius launched in Thailand [102]
2011JanuaryPrius sales in Japan in 2010 reached a record 315 thousand units
AprilMillionth Prius sold in the US [103]
MayPresented a large station wagon Prius α
NovemberPrius PHV plugged into external power supply
DecemberSale of the big Prius v started in the USA
DecemberThird-generation Prius production begins in China [104]
DecemberJapan introduced the compact hatchback Aqua [45]
2012JanuaryPrius PHV sales begin in Japan
MarchPrius PHV goes on sale in the USA
MarchWagon Prius + went on sale in Europe
MarchBegan selling compact Prius c in the US [46]
2013JulyPrius total sales reached three million vehicles [105]
2015DecemberThe latest fourth-generation Prius goes on sale in Japan [9]
 
2017FebruaryUpdated Prius PHV started selling in Japan [48]
Sales [106]
ModelYearTotalIn JapanIn North AmericaIn EuropeIn other countriesIn Russia
Prius1997323323----
199818 00018 000----
199915,00015,000----
200019,00013,0006,0007092-
200129,00011,00016,0002,000162-
200228,0007,00020,000841216-
200343,00017,00025,000859387-
2004126,00060,00056,0008,0002,000-
2005175,00044,000110,00019,0003,000-
2006186,00049,000109,00023,0005,000-
2007281,00058,000184,00032,0007,000-
2008286,00073,000163,00041,0008,000-
2009404,000209,000144,00043,0007,00030 [107]
2010509,000315,000144,00042,0008,000367 [108]
Prius2011368,000197 000130,00025,00017,000225 [109]
Prius α / v / +64,00055,0009,000-43-
Aqua / Prius c361361----
Prius2012363,000177,000151,00019,00016,000115 [110]
Prius α / v / +187,000130,00045,00011,0001000-
Aqua / Prius c315,000267,00038,000-11,000-
Prius PHV27,00011,00013ˆ0003 & 0000-
Prius2013316,000145,000147,00012,00011,00052 [111]
Prius α / v / +154,000104,00038,00011,0001,000-
Aqua / Prius c318,000262,00045,000-11,000-
Prius PHV21,0004,00012,0005,00054-
Prius2014242,000102,000125,0007,0009,00027 [112]
Prius α / v / +118,00077,00033,0007,0002,000-
Aqua / Prius c282,000233,00043,000-5,000-
Prius PHV20,0005,00013,0001,000five-
Prius2015203,00074,000115,0007,0007,0004 [113]
Prius α / v / +92,00052,00031,0007,0002,000-
Aqua / Prius c261,000216,00042,000-4,000-
Prius PHV7,0001,0004,0009257-
Prius2016357,000221,000102,00016,00018 000-
Prius α / v / +53,00027,00017,0007,0002,000-
Aqua / Prius c194,000168,00024,000-3,000-
Prius PHV3,0001602,000227one-
Prius2017 [114]218,600116 60068 60011 10022 300184 [115]
Prius α / v / +38,50017,60011,70074001700-
Aqua / Prius c149,300131,60014,700-3000-
Prius PHV / Prime51,00026,70021,7002500100-

See also

  • Prius first generation
  • Prius second generation
  • Third generation Prius
  • Fourth generation Prius
  • Rechargeable External Power Prius PHV
  • Grand Touring Prius α / v / +
  • Compact hatchback Aqua / Prius c

Notes

  1. ↑ The Hybrid that Started it All . Toyota Global Site (November 2008). Date of treatment March 3, 2017. Archived on April 8, 2016.
  2. ↑ 第 18 回 1997 - 1998 日本 カ ー ･ オ ブ ･ ザ ･ イ ヤ ー (18th, 1997-1998 Competition Car of the Year in Japan) (Japanese) . CAR OF THE YEAR JAPAN. Date of treatment March 8, 2017. Archived on April 22, 2017.
  3. ↑ 第 30 回 2009 - 2010 日本 カ ー ･ オ ブ ･ ザ ･ イ ヤ ー (30th, 2009-2010 Japan Car of the Year Competition) (Japanese) . CAR OF THE YEAR JAPAN. Date of treatment March 8, 2017. Archived on April 22, 2017.
  4. ↑ North American Car & Truck / Utility of the Year Award . Past Winners. 2004 (English) . North American Car of the Year . Date of treatment March 8, 2017. Archived on April 22, 2017.
  5. ↑ Toyota Prius Car of the Year 2005 . Car of the Year (11/22/2004). Date of treatment January 12, 2018. Archived January 12, 2018.
  6. ↑ Toyota Motor Club . Global 500 Environmental Forum. Date of treatment April 6, 2017. Archived April 2, 2017.
  7. ↑ Toyota Launches All-new Prius . Toyota Global Newsroom (Sep. 01, 2003). Date of treatment February 18, 2018. Archived on August 18, 2017.
  8. ↑ Prius story . A pleasant trip to the new century (Russian) . Toyota Estonia . Date of treatment March 12, 2017. Archived April 22, 2017.
  9. ↑ 1 2 Japan Launch Marks Start of Journey for Dynamic New Prius . Toyota Global Newsroom (Dec. 09, 2015). Date of treatment March 12, 2017. Archived May 24, 2016.
  10. ↑ The Story Behind the Birth of the Prius, Part 1 . G21: It all started with the G21 project . Toyota Global Newsroom (Dec. 11, 2017) . Date of treatment February 14, 2018. Archived on February 14, 2018.
  11. ↑ The Story Behind the Birth of the Prius, Part 1 . Internal development of core technologies . Toyota Global Newsroom (Dec. 11, 2017) . Date of treatment February 14, 2018. Archived on February 14, 2018.
  12. ↑ Toyota to Exhibit Next-Generation Sedan "Toyota Prius" at Frankfurt Motor Show . Toyota Global Newsroom (Sep. 07, 1995). Date of treatment August 18, 2017. Archived August 18, 2017.
  13. ↑ Toyota to Display New-Generation Sedan "Toyota Prius" at the 31st Tokyo Motor Show . Toyota Global Newsroom (Oct. 18, 1995). Date of treatment August 18, 2017. Archived August 18, 2017.
  14. ↑ The Story Behind the Birth of the Prius, Part 1 . Double the fuel efficiency! (eng.) . Toyota Global Newsroom (Dec. 11, 2017) . Date of treatment February 14, 2018. Archived on February 14, 2018.
  15. ↑ The Story Behind the Birth of the Prius, Part 2 . Solving each problem, one by one . Toyota Global Newsroom (Dec. 13, 2017) . Date of treatment February 15, 2018. Archived on February 15, 2018.
  16. ↑ The Story Behind the Birth of the Prius, Part 2 . No turning back . Toyota Global Newsroom (Dec. 13, 2017) . Date of treatment February 15, 2018. Archived on February 15, 2018.
  17. ↑ The Story Behind the Birth of the Prius, Part 2 . Just in time for the 21st century . Toyota Global Newsroom (Dec. 13, 2017) . Date of treatment February 15, 2018. Archived on February 15, 2018.
  18. ↑ Development of Prius and Hybrid Strategy . Prius development completed in approximately two years . Toyota Global Site . Date of treatment March 3, 2017. Archived on April 18, 2016.
  19. ↑ Alex Taylor III. Toyota: The Birth of the Prius . CNN (February 21, 2006). Date of treatment March 15, 2017. Archived June 4, 2016.
  20. ↑ HV Hybrid Vechicle . Motor plus engine. Double power for smart operation. (eng.) . Toyota Global Site . Date of treatment March 3, 2017.
  21. ↑ Principle of work (Russian) . Toyota Estonia. Date of treatment February 3, 2018.
  22. ↑ 1 2 Toyota Prius. - S. 85. The hybrid system .
  23. ↑ Toyota Prius. - S. 89. The hybrid system .
  24. ↑ Qualifying Vehicles for Clean Air Vehicle Decals . California Air Resources Board. Date of treatment April 6, 2017.
  25. ↑ Fueleconomy.gov Top Ten . Top Fuel Sippers (EPA Ratings, All Years ) . The Official US Government Source for Fuel Economy Information . Date of treatment April 6, 2017.
  26. ↑ GreenerCars Ratings . GreenerCars.org. Date of treatment April 11, 2017.
  27. ↑ Veröffentlichungen des VCD (German) . VCD Verkehrsclub Deutschland eV. Date of treatment April 11, 2017.
  28. ↑ Top 20s . An Australian Government Initiative. Date of treatment April 11, 2017.
  29. ↑ 2017 Best and Worst Fuel Economy Vehicles . The Official US Government Source for Fuel Economy Information. Date of treatment April 3, 2017.
  30. ↑ TOYOTA PRIUS: CAR OF THE FUTURE ON SALE IN 2000. SHORT STORY .
  31. ↑ TOYOTA PRIUS PAVES THE WAY AHEAD. - P. 8. KEY FACTS ABOUT THE TOYOTA PRIUS .
  32. ↑ Toyota to Pioneer Use of Biosynthetic Rubber in Engine and Drive System Hoses . Toyota USA Newsroom (April 21, 2016). Date of treatment April 3, 2017.
  33. ↑ NEW PRIUS RECYCLING . Toyota Media UK (1 July 2009). Date of treatment April 11, 2017.
  34. ↑ Challenge of Establishing a Recycling-based Society and Systems . Overseas Rollout of Original Recycling System for End-of-life Vehicle Resources . Toyota Global Website . Date of treatment April 3, 2017.
  35. ↑ Find and Compare Cars . The Official US Government Source for Fuel Economy Information. Date of treatment April 3, 2017.
  36. ↑ Development of Prius and Hybrid Strategy . The rolling out of hybrid vehicle series . Toyota Global Site . Date of treatment March 3, 2017. Archived on April 18, 2016.
  37. ↑ TOYOTA PRIUS PAVES THE WAY AHEAD. - P. 5. STYLISH AND EFFICIENT DESIGN .
  38. ↑ Toyota Launches Third-generation 'Prius' . Hybrid System, Aerodynamic Advances Achieve World's Best Fuel Efficiency . Toyota Global Newsroom (May 18, 2009) . Date accessed May 23, 2017. Archived April 23, 2016.
  39. ↑ Further evolution of hybrid technology and conventional engines . Toyota Global Website. Date of treatment March 15, 2017. Archived on April 18, 2016.
  40. ↑ TMC Introduces 'Prius Plug-in Hybrid' into Key Markets . Toyota Global Newsroom (Dec. 14, 2009). Date of treatment March 12, 2017. Archived June 30, 2017.
  41. ↑ TMC Starts Taking Orders for Soon-to-be-launched 'Prius PHV' Plug-in Hybrid in Japan . Toyota Global Newsroom (Nov. 29, 2011). Date of treatment March 10, 2017. Archived December 4, 2013.
  42. ↑ TMC Launches 'Prius α' . Toyota Global Newsroom (May. 13, 2011). Date of treatment March 10, 2017. Archived March 12, 2016.
  43. ↑ Prius v Expands Iconic Hybrid 'Family' of Vehicles . Toyota USA Newsroom (December 06, 2011). Date of treatment March 10, 2017. Archived on September 7, 2015.
  44. ↑ TOYOTA PRIMES PRIUS + FOR SUMMER LAUNCH . Toyota Media UK (April 4, 2012). Date of treatment March 10, 2017. Archived July 2, 2012.
  45. ↑ 1 2 TMC Launches 'Aqua' in Japan . Compact Hybrid Combines Driving Enjoyment with World-Leading Fuel Efficiency . Toyota Global Newsroom (Dec. 26, 2011) . Date of treatment March 12, 2017. Archived on April 20, 2016.
  46. ↑ 1 2 Toyota Prius c Completes the Prius Family of Vehicles . Toyota USA Newsroom (January 10, 2012). Date of treatment March 10, 2017. Archived June 17, 2016.
  47. ↑ Under the Hood of the All-new Toyota Prius . Toyota Global Newsroom (Oct. 13, 2015). Date accessed August 22, 2017. Archived May 24, 2016.
  48. ↑ 1 2 Toyota Launches Redesigned "Prius PHV" in Japan . Toyota Global Newsroom (Feb. 15, 2017). Date accessed August 17, 2017. Archived May 23, 2017.
  49. ↑ Prime Mover: Toyota Maxes Out Tech and Style in the World's Best-Selling Hybrid to Create the 2017 Prius Prime . Toyota USA Newsroom (October 04, 2016). Date of treatment September 12, 2017. Archived February 15, 2017.
  50. ↑ Prius α. - P. 48.
  51. ↑ Aqua. - P. 44.
  52. ↑ Hybrid Car Prius. - P. 30-31. Prius Data .
  53. ↑ Hybrid Car Prius. - P. 26-27. Equipment
  54. ↑ Prius. - P. 32-33.
  55. ↑ Prius. - P. 48-49.
  56. ↑ SPECIFICATION SHEET.
  57. ↑ 1 2 Prius PHV. - P. 48.
  58. ↑ 1 2 ト ヨ タ プ リ ウ ス PHV 主要 諸 元 表.
  59. ↑ Hybrid Car Prius. - P. 26-27. Prius Ecology .
  60. ↑ Hybrid Car Prius. - P. 18-19. Ecology .
  61. ↑ Prius. - P. 22-23. Hybrid Synergy Drive .
  62. ↑ Prius. - P. 10-11. Air Management
  63. ↑ 2017 Prius Product Information. - P. 2. EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS .
  64. ↑ 2012 Prius Plug-in Hybrid Product Information. - P. 2. EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS .
  65. ↑ 2017 Prius Prime Product Information. - P. 2. EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS .
  66. ↑ 2012 Prius v Product Information. - P. 2. EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS .
  67. ↑ Aqua. - P. 26-27. Footwork & Performance .
  68. ↑ 1 2 Toyota's Develops New Hybrid System (English) (inaccessible link - history ) . Toyota Global Website (April 17, 2003). Date of appeal April 21, 2017.
  69. ↑ 1 2 2004 Prius Features and Specifications.
  70. ↑ 1 2 2010 Prius Product Information. - P. 1. HYBRID POWER SYSTEM .
  71. ↑ 1 2 3 2017 Prius Product Information. - P. 1. HYBRID POWER SYSTEM .
  72. ↑ 1 2 2012 Prius Plug-in Hybrid Product Information. - P. 1. HYBRID POWER SYSTEM .
  73. ↑ 1 2 2017 Prius Prime Product Information. - P. 1. HYBRID POWER SYSTEM .
  74. ↑ 1 2 TOYOTA PRIUS + TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS.
  75. ↑ 1 2 2012 Prius v Product Information. - P. 1. HYBRID POWER SYSTEM .
  76. ↑ 1 2 2015 Prius with Product Information. - P. 1. HYBRID POWER SYSTEM .
  77. ↑ 02 Prius. SPECIFICATIONS .
  78. ↑ 新型 プ リ ウ ス. E-Four .
  79. ↑ HV バ ッ テ リ ー 回収 ・ リ サ イ ク ル マ ニ ュ ア ル プ リ ウ ス プ リ ウ ス プ リ ウ ス （NHW10 系）. - P. 14.
  80. ↑ HV バ ッ テ リ ー 回収 ・ リ サ イ ク ル マ ニ ュ ア ル プ リ ウ ス プ リ ウ ス プ リ ウ ス （NHW11 系）. - P. 15.
  81. ↑ PRIUS High Voltage Disassembly Manual (NHW20 Series). - P. 10. Battery pack for hybrid vehicles (HV) and auxiliary battery .
  82. ↑ Prius Hybrid Vehicle Dismantling Manual (ZVW30 Series). - P. 9. Hybrid Vehicle (HV) Battery Pack and Auxiliary Battery .
  83. ↑ 1 2 HV バ ッ テ リ ー 回収 ・ リ サ イ ク ル マ ニ ュ ア ル プ リ ウ ス （ZVW50 ･ ZVW55 系）. - P. 15.
  84. ↑ HV バ ッ テ リ ー 回収 ・ リ サ イ ク ル マ ニ ュ ア ル プ リ ウ ス プ リ ウ ス （ZVW51 系）. - P. 15.
  85. ↑ Prius + Priusv Hybrid Car Disassembly Guide (ZVW4 # Series). - S. 9. Battery for hybrid vehicles (HV) assembly and auxiliary battery .
  86. ↑ Prius + Priusv Hybrid Vehicle Dismantling Manual (ZVW41 Series). - P. 9. Hybrid Vehicle (HV) Battery Pack and Auxiliary Battery .
  87. ↑ PriusC Hybrid Vehicle Dismantling Manual (NHP10 Series). - P. 9. Hybrid Vehicle (HV) Battery Pack and Auxiliary Battery .
  88. ↑ 2001 Toyota Prius Press Kit . GLOBAL SUPPORT FOR HYBRID CARS . Toyota Pressroom Australia (04 October 2001) . Date of treatment March 26, 2017. Archived October 17, 2017.
  89. ↑ THE THIRD GENERATION TOYOTA PRIUS. LOW COST OF OWNERSHIP. Low CO2 taxation and fuel costs .
  90. ↑ Sam Smith. This Man Fought Toyota For Stealing His Hybrid Tech And Won . Jalopnik (7/21/10). Date of treatment December 24, 2017.
  91. ↑ Theft History of the Toyota Prius . National Insurance Crime Bureau (Nov. 21, 2012). Date of treatment December 24, 2017. Archived June 3, 2016.
  92. ↑ 第 19 回 自動 車 盗 難 事故 実 態 調査 結果 発 表 (The results of the 19th study of the situation with car thefts (Japanese) . The General Insurance Association of Japan (2018.3.1). Date of treatment June 8, 2018. Archived June 9, 2018.
  93. ↑ 40 Celebrities Who Drive a Prius . Ranker. Date of treatment June 27, 2018. Archived on September 25, 2017.
  94. ↑ With 8 Million Units Sold, Toyota Proves Hybrids Have Staying Power . Toyota Global Newsroom (Aug. 21, 2015). Date of treatment March 5, 2017. Archived February 22, 2017.
  95. ↑ Prius Tops 50,000 Units Sold Worldwide . Toyota Global Newsroom (Dec. 13, 2000). Date of treatment February 18, 2018. Archived February 18, 2018.
  96. ↑ Worldwide Toyota Prius Sales Top 100,000 Mark in August . Toyota Global Newsroom (Sep. 25, 2002). Date of treatment February 18, 2018. Archived February 18, 2018.
  97. ↑ Toyota's Develops New Hybrid System . Toyota Global Newsroom (Apr. 17, 2003). Date of treatment February 18, 2018. Archived February 18, 2018.
  98. ↑ Worldwide Prius Sales Top 500,000 Mark . Toyota Global Newsroom (Jun. 07, 2006). Date of treatment February 18, 2018. Archived February 18, 2018.
  99. ↑ Worldwide Prius Sales Top 1 Million Mark . Toyota Global Newsroom (May. 15, 2008). Date of treatment February 18, 2018. Archived February 18, 2018.
  100. ↑ Top 5 Passenger Vehicles Sold in Japan by Year (2000 to 2011 ) . Toyota Global Website. Date of treatment April 3, 2017. Archived March 17, 2017.
  101. ↑ Worldwide 'Prius' Sales Top 2-million Mark . Toyota Global Newsroom (Oct. 07, 2010). Date of treatment August 18, 2017. Archived August 18, 2017.
  102. ↑ Toyota Holds Line-off Ceremony for 'Prius' in Thailand . Toyota Global Newsroom (Nov. 29, 2010). Date of treatment August 18, 2017. Archived August 18, 2017.
  103. ↑ Toyota Sells One-Millionth Prius in the US . Toyota USA Newsroom (April 06, 2011). Date of treatment March 10, 2017. Archived on April 9, 2017.
  104. ↑ Toyota Begins Production of Current Model 'Prius' in China . Toyota Global Newsroom (Dec. 19, 2011). Date of treatment September 13, 2017. Archived on September 13, 2017.
  105. ↑ Worldwide 'Prius' Sales Top 3-Million Mark . Toyota Global Newsroom (Jul. 03, 2013). Date of treatment August 18, 2017. Archived August 18, 2017.
  106. ↑ Hybrid Model Global Sales Results . Toyota Global Newsroom (Feb. 14, 2017). Date of treatment March 5, 2017. Archived February 19, 2017.
  107. ↑ Igor Vladimirsky. Sobering up. - S. 14. Toyota .
  108. ↑ Igor Vladimirsky. Rehabilitation - S. 14. Toyota .
  109. ↑ Igor Vladimirsky. Shiking again. — С. 17. Toyota .
  110. ↑ Игорь Владимирский. Насыщение . — С. 13. Toyota .
  111. ↑ Игорь Владимирский. Проценты . — С. 15. Toyota .
  112. ↑ Игорь Владимирский. На пороге . — С. 13. Toyota .
  113. ↑ Игорь Владимирский. Вслед за нефтью . — С. 4. Toyota .
  114. ↑ Toyota sells 1.52 million electrified vehicles in 2017, three years ahead of 2020 target (англ.) . Toyota Global Newsroom (Feb.02,2018). Дата обращения 3 февраля 2018. Архивировано 3 февраля 2018 года.
  115. ↑ Игорь Владимирский. Поправка . — С. 7. Toyota .

Literature

Брошюры

  1. Hybrid Car Prius (яп.) . — Toyota, 1998. — 2月 ( 第TH0014-9807数 ). — P. 33. Архивировано 8 марта 2017 года.
  2. Hybrid Car Prius (яп.) . — Toyota, 2001. — 8月 ( 第TH0018-0204数 ). — P. 28. Архивировано 13 апреля 2017 года.
  3. Prius (яп.) . — Toyota, 2003. — 8月 ( 第TH0010-0311数 ). — P. 36. Архивировано 13 апреля 2017 года.
  4. Prius (яп.) . — Toyota, 2010. — 10月 ( 第TH0036-1109数 ). — P. 52. Архивировано 13 апреля 2017 года.
  5. 02 Prius (англ.) . — Toyota, 2001. — P. 3.
  6. Prius α (яп.) . — Toyota, 2011. — 5月 ( 第HZ038-1207数 ). — P. 52. Архивировано 14 апреля 2017 года.
  7. Aqua (яп.) . — Toyota, 2011. — 11月 ( 第HTZ0500-1303数 ). — P. 47.
  8. Prius PHV (яп.) . — Toyota, 2012. — 10月 ( 第HAZ07001-1301数 ). — P. 52. Архивировано 14 апреля 2017 года.

Specifications

  1. 2004 Prius Features and Specifications (англ.) . — Toyota, 2004. — P. 1. Архивировано 23 апреля 2017 года.
  2. 2010 Prius Product Information (англ.) . — Toyota, 2009. — P. 5. Архивировано 4 марта 2016 года.
  3. 2016 Preliminary Prius Product Information (англ.) . — Toyota, 2015. — P. 7. Архивировано 13 июля 2016 года.
  4. SPECIFICATION SHEET (яп.) . — Toyota, 2015. — 12月. — P. 1. Архивировано 23 декабря 2015 года.
  5. トヨタ プリウスPHV 主要諸元表 (Toyota Prius PHV основные характеристики) (яп.) . — Toyota, 2017. — 2月. — P. 1. Архивировано 11 апреля 2017 года.
  6. 2012 Prius Plug-in Hybrid Product Information (англ.) . — Toyota, 2012. — P. 6. Архивировано 11 сентября 2015 года.
  7. 2017 Prius Prime Product Information (англ.) . — Toyota, 2017. — P. 7. Архивировано 22 апреля 2017 года.
  8. 2012 Prius v Product Information (англ.) . — Toyota, 2012. — P. 6. Архивировано 22 апреля 2017 года.
  9. TOYOTA PRIUS+ TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS (англ.) . — Toyota, 2012. — P. 3. Архивировано 23 апреля 2017 года.
  10. 2015 Prius c Product Information (англ.) . — Toyota, 2015. — P. 6. Архивировано 2 октября 2015 года.

Руководства по эксплуатации и ремонту

  1. TOYOTA PRIUS (рус.) . — Toyota, 2016. — № OM47B71R . — С. 732 .
  2. HVバッテリー 回収・リサイクルマニュアル プリウス プリウス（NHW10系）(Руководство по разборке и утилизации аккумуляторов HV Prius (серия NHW 10)) (яп.) . — Toyota Motor Corporation, 2014. — 第17 頁 . Архивировано 29 августа 2017 года.
  3. HVバッテリー 回収・リサイクルマニュアル プリウス プリウス（NHW11系）(Руководство по разборке и утилизации аккумуляторов HV Prius (серия NHW 11)) (яп.) . — Toyota Motor Corporation, 2014. — 第18 頁 . Архивировано 29 августа 2017 года.
  4. PRIUS Руководство по разборке высоковольтной (Серия NHW20) (рус.) . — Toyota Motor Corporation, 2004. — С. 32 . Архивировано 1 июля 2017 года.
  5. PRIUS Hybrid Vehicle Dismantling Manual (ZVW30 Series) (англ.) . — Toyota Motor Corporation, 2004. — P. 33 . Архивировано 30 декабря 2016 года.
  6. HVバッテリー 回収・リサイクルマニュアル プリウス（ZVW50･ZVW55系）(Руководство по разборке и утилизации аккумуляторов HV Prius (серии ZVW 50, ZVW 55)) (яп.) . — Toyota Motor Corporation, 2016. — 第18 頁 . Архивировано 28 августа 2017 года.
  7. HVバッテリー 回収・リサイクルマニュアル プリウス プリウス（ZVW51系）(Руководство по разборке и утилизации аккумуляторов HV Prius (серия ZVW 51)) (яп.) . — Toyota Motor Corporation, 2016. — 第19 頁 . Архивировано 28 августа 2017 года.
  8. Prius+ Priusv Руководство по разборке гибридного автомобиля (Серия ZVW4#) (рус.) . — Toyota Motor Corporation, 2012. — С. 32 . Архивировано 1 июля 2017 года.
  9. Prius+ Priusv Hybrid Vehicle Dismantling Manual (ZVW41 Series) (англ.) . — Toyota Motor Corporation, 2011. — P. 30 .
  10. PriusC Hybrid Vehicle Dismantling Manual (NHP10 Series) (англ.) . — Toyota Motor Corporation, 2011. — P. 29 .

Материалы для прессы

  1. TOYOTA PRIUS: CAR OF THE FUTURE ON SALE IN 2000 (англ.) . — Toyota, 1999. — P. 15. Архивировано 26 марта 2017 года.
  2. TOYOTA PRIUS PAVES THE WAY AHEAD (англ.) . — Toyota, 2003. — P. 65. Архивировано 2 апреля 2017 года.
  3. 新型プリウス (The New Prius) (яп. (англ.)). — Toyota. — P. 9. Архивировано 22 августа 2017 года.

Articles

  1. Игорь Владимирский. Отрезвление (рус.) // Авторевю : газета. — 2010. — № 3 (443) . — С. 12—17 . Архивировано 11 февраля 2010 года.
  2. Игорь Владимирский. Реабилитация (рус.) // Авторевю : газета. — 2011. — № 3 (466) . — С. 12—17 . Архивировано 7 сентября 2015 года.
  3. Игорь Владимирский. Вновь шикуем (рус.) // Авторевю : газета. — 2012. — № 3 (489) . — С. 16—21 .
  4. Игорь Владимирский. Насыщение (рус.) // Авторевю : газета. — 2013. — № 3 (512) . — С. 12—15 . Архивировано 17 марта 2015 года.
  5. Игорь Владимирский. Проценты (рус.) // Авторевю : газета. — 2014. — № 3 (535) . — С. 12—17 . Архивировано 17 марта 2015 года.
  6. Игорь Владимирский. На пороге (рус.) // Авторевю : газета. — 2015. — № 2 (557) . — С. 12—15 . Архивировано 12 мая 2015 года.
  7. Игорь Владимирский. Вслед за нефтью (рус.) // Авторевю : газета. — 2016. — № 3 (581) . — С. 4—8 .
  8. Игорь Владимирский. Поправка (рус.) // Авторевю : газета. — 2018. — № 3 (627) . — С. 6—9 .
Источник — https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toyota_Prius&oldid=100231891


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