Rhythm and blues [1] , or rhythm and blues [1] (from the English Rhythm & Blues , abbr. R&B [* 1] - rhythm and blues ) - the musical style of the song-dance genre [2] . Initially, the generalized name of mass music [3] , based on the blues and jazz directions of the 1930-1940s [4] [5] . In the late 1940s, the phrase rhythm and blues became the official marketing term [6] to refer to modern, with an element of dance rhythm [4] , popular trends [6] in the music of African American performers in the USA .
| Rhythm and blues | |
|---|---|
| Direction | popular music, vocal and instrumental music, dance music |
| The origins | spirituals , blues , boogie-woogie , jazz |
| Place and time of occurrence | USA 1940s |
| Heyday | since the 1950s |
| Subgenres | |
| do-woop rock and roll | |
| Related | |
| swing , jump blues | |
| Derivatives | |
| soul , funky | |
Rhythm and blues was very popular among the youth of the 1940-1950s, and, together with country , contributed to the emergence of rock and roll [7] .
In 1969, Billboard magazine proposed a new term for popular music in this area, renaming its hit parade “ Best Selling Soul Singles ” ( English Best-Selling Soul Singles ) [4] . Soul music has become a broader concept, which included music by artists of different races and nationalities.
Content
The emergence of the term
In 1947, during the preparation of the Negro music chart for the American Billboard magazine, journalist Jerry Wexler decided that the name of the African-American hit parade " Race Records " has a negative connotation. Therefore, he began to use the term "rhythm and blues" in his reviews. On June 17, 1949, “Billboard” officially adopted a new name, renaming the hit parade “Rhythm and Blues Records” ( English Rhythm & Blues Records ) [6] . Thus, the magazine made rhythm and blues a synonym for Negro popular music.
A year earlier, the ARC record company approved in its catalogs a similar name for blues and rhythm ( English Blues & Rhythm ) instead of “racial music” ( English Race Music ) [* 2] . For some time both names had the same circulation. So, at the beginning of 1949, the company "Ar-ss-ey" introduced a novelty in the recording industry - a record at 45 rpm . An advertising set sent to shops and radio stations consisted of 7 phonograph records of different styles; the blues-and-rhythm style in this set was presented by Arthur Cradap ’s record “ Everything Is Alright ”, in the cover of cherry color. In 1950, the first major music festival of this direction was held - “ Blues & Rhythm Festival” ( English Blues & Rhythm Jubilee ) [8] . However, over time, the phrase "rhythm and blues" was the most successful, having received universal recognition.
Definition
The rhythm and blues is the successor of jump blues ( English jump blues ) [* 3] - a style that took shape in the early 1940s with the help of African American vocal and instrumental ensembles. Music researcher Robert Palmer defines rhythm and blues as a synonym for jump blues [10] , and rhythm and blues, in turn, as a term that refers to any music performed by blacks and blacks [11] . This opinion is supported by researcher and musician Richard Ripani, who believes that rhythm and blues is “a wide range of popular music created by African Americans and performed for them” [12] . Researcher Lawrence Cohn clarifies that rhythm and blues covers all the "black" genres, except for classical and religious music; unless gospel is so successful as to get on the charts [13] .
Prizes and Awards
The American Academy of Sound Recordings annually presents Grammy Awards to artists in the rhythm and blues category for: “Best Male Vocal”, “Best Female Vocal”, “Best Vocal Performance in a Duet or Band”, “Best Song”, “Best Instrumental Performance” "," The best album of modern rhythm and blues "and" The best performance in the style of traditional rhythm and blues. "
Photo Gallery
BB King
Chuck berry
Bo Didley
Little Richard
James brown
Ray Charles
Al green
Roberta Flack
Tina Turner
Stevie Wonder
See also
- Billboard Magazine Charts in the Rhythm and Blues Category
- Contemporary rhythm and blues
Comments
- ↑ Currently, the abbreviation R&B is used to refer to modern rhythm and blues .
- ↑ Major US record companies used their own marketing names for such music: Ebony ("MGM"), Sepia ("Decca" and "Capitol"), etc. [4]
- ↑ Jump was synonymous with swing [9] .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 POC, 2005 .
- ↑ TSB, 2nd ed., 1950 .
- ↑ Hakobyan, 2010 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Hoffmann, 2006 .
- ↑ BES, 2nd ed., 2000 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Ward, 2008 .
- ↑ TSB, 3rd ed., 1975 .
- ↑ Scaruffi, 2007 .
- ↑ Ulanov, 1952 .
- ↑ Palmer, 1981 .
- ↑ Palmer, 1995 .
- ↑ Ripani, 2006 .
- ↑ Cohn, 1993 .
Literature
- Blues // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: in 51 volumes / chap. ed. S. I. Vavilov . - 2nd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1950. - T. 5: Berezna - Botokudy. - S. 321. - 652 p. - (Great Soviet Encyclopedia; 1949-1958).
- Rhythm and blues // Big Encyclopedic Dictionary / ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov. - 2nd ed., Revised. and add. - M .: Big Russian Encyclopedia, 2000 .-- 1456 p. - ISBN 5-85270-160-2 .
- Rhythm and blues // Russian Spelling Dictionary: about 180,000 words / O.E. Ivanova, V.V. Lopatin (ed.), I.V. Nechaev, L.K. Cheltsova. - 2nd ed. - M .: Russian Academy of Sciences. Russian Language Institute V.V. Vinogradova, 2005 .-- 960 p. - ISBN 5-88744-052-X .
- Rock and roll // Big Soviet Encyclopedia: in 30 tons / hl. ed. A.M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1975. - T. 22: Belt - Safi. - 628 p. - (The Great Soviet Encyclopedia; 1969-1978).
- Hakobyan, L. Rhythm and Blues // Music of the 20th Century: Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M .: Practice, 2010 .-- S. 474. - ISBN 978-5-89816-092-0 .
- R&B (Rhythm and Business) : the political economy of black music / Ed. Norman Kelley - N. Y .: Akashic Books, 2002 .-- 334 p. - ISBN 1-888451-26-2 .
- Cohn, Lawrence. Nothing but the Blues: the music and the musicians / Mary Katherine Aldin, Bruce Bastin. - Abbeville Press, 1993. - ISBN 978-1-55859-271-1 .
- Hoffmann, Frank W. Rhythm and Blues, Rap, and Hip-Hop. - Infobase Publishing, 2006. - 353 p. - ISBN 978-0-8160-6980-4 .
- Palmer, Robert. Deep Blues: a musical and cultural history of the Mississippi Delta. - Viking Adult, 1981. - 310 p. - ISBN 978-0-670-49511-5 .
- Palmer, Robert. Rock & Roll: an unruly history. - Harmony, 1995 .-- 325 p. - ISBN 978-0-517-70050-1 .
- Ripani, Richard J. The New Blue Music: changes in rhythm & blues, 1950-1999. - Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2006 .-- 278 p. - (American Made Music). - ISBN 1-57806-862-2 . - ISBN 978-1-57806-862-3 . - DOI : 10.1017 .
- Scaruffi, Piero. Rhythm'n'Blues // A History of Popular Music before Rock Music. - Omniware, 2007 .-- 210 p. - ISBN 0-9765531-2-0 . - ISBN 978-0-9765531-2-0 .
- Shaw, Arnold. Honkers and Shouters : the golden years of rhythm and blues. - N. Y .: Collier Books, 1978.- 555 p. - ISBN 0-02-061760-7 .
- Ulanov, Barry. A History of Jazz in America . - N. Y .: Viking Press, 1952. - P. 6. - 362 p.
- Ward, Ed. Rhythm & Blues // Encyclopædia Britannica . - 2008. - August 10. - Date of appeal: 09.2018.
- Wexler, Jerry. Rhythm and Blues in 1950 // Saturday Review of Literature. - N. Y .: Saturday Review Associates, 1950. - Vol. XXXIII, no. 2 (24 June). - P. 49. - ISSN 0147-5932 .
- Wexler, Jerry. Rhythm and the Blues : a life in American music / Jerry Wexler, David Ritz. - N. Y .: St. Martin's Press, 1994 .-- P. 62 .-- 336 p. - ISBN 0-312-11376-5 .
Links
- Blues in Russia (Russian)