Suffering

The Great Encyclopedia of Psychiatry (2nd ed., 2012) cites Slavic as an etymology . strada " work ; need ”; lat sterno " cast into despondency , destroy" ^[4] .

I.V. Drobysheva indicates Greek. πάθημα, πάσχω “suffering, illness , torment”, considered to be related to Greek. στρηνής, στρηνός “sharp, rough”, lat. strēnuus “zealous, enterprising” ^[5] .

According to A. N. Chanyshev , “for the ancient worldview, the question of the meaning (purpose, justification) of suffering is almost impossible”, it “falls to the lot of a person according to the law, indifferent to an individual ( rock )” ^[2] .

Since the time of Aristotle, suffering has been endowed with categorical status; this is one of ten philosophical categories allocated to it ^[6] .

Epicurus believed that wisdom , as a result of the study of philosophy , heals from spiritual suffering ^[6] .

In Russian literature

In the novel “ Notes from the Underground ” by F.M.Dostoevsky, the idea is expressed that suffering is the only cause of consciousness: “... suffering is doubt, there is negation. Suffering is the only reason for consciousness. <...> consciousness, in my opinion, is the greatest misfortune for a person, but I know that a person loves him and will not exchange it for any satisfaction ” ^[7] . Doctor of Philosophy S.M.Klimova writes: “An underground person perceives consciousness (consciousness-suffering) as a punishment for understanding, he opened freedom in thought, but does not know at all what to do with it” ^[8] . As the worthy painter VN Zakharov notes , Dostoevsky “... perceived penal servitude as a cleansing suffering, partaking of Golgotha and the resurrection of Christ ” ^[9] . Therefore, in the works of F.M.Dostoevsky, the idea of ​​purifying suffering is often carried out. Aleksey Remizov contrasts suffering as useful or necessary troubles to flour as meaningless troubles.

Suffering is a spiritual state, luminiferous and inspiring; it reveals the depth of soul and unites people in a semi-angelic brotherhood; it overcomes animal existence, reveals the distances of God, leads a person to God, conquers despair, gives hope and strengthens faith. In suffering, the darkness melts and fear disappears.

- Ilyin I. “The work of A.M. Remizov”

In psychology, suffering is considered as a state of a person’s strong internal conflict, when various internal desires or motives enter into confrontation with each other, as if tearing or twisting a person from the inside. The ultimate strain of suffering is flour .

In the work of most psychologists, suffering is interpreted as a threat to human health, leading to neurosis and psychosis ^[6] .

Researcher D. A. Tokarev notes that a person’s attitude to suffering directly depends on his attitude to life, on the ability to find a foothold in a complex and contradictory world ^[10] .

According to the researcher Maria Babalaeva, suffering is conquered by love , the whole life aspiration of a person to happiness ^[11] .

In view of the fact that, accompanying humanity throughout history, suffering as such was perceived as a clear and most acute reflection of the surrounding objective reality , they occupied a special place in many creeds and philosophical systems. In particular, a special place is given to suffering in Buddhist philosophy , in Christianity , in Judaism , etc.:

• Suffering (Buddhism)
• Suffering (Christianity)
• Suffering (Orthodoxy)
• Suffering (Kabbalah)

In his treatise “Suffering,” C. Lewis , considering suffering through a Christian creed, singles out suffering as healing, suffering as retribution, suffering as a path to happiness, suffering as cognition, suffering as a test ^[6] .

• Torture
• Stress
• Harmony

• Suffering / A.A. Chanyshev // New Philosophical Encyclopedia : in 4 volumes / before. scientific ed. Council V. S. Styopin . - 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Thought , 2010 .-- 2816 p.