The Last Judgment , Judgment Day - in the eschatology of Abrahamic religions is the last judgment performed by God on people in order to identify the righteous and sinners and determine the reward of the first and punishment of the last.
Content
The Last Judgment
Judaism
In Judaism, the appearance of the Last Judgment is the resurrection from the dead at the end of days, that is, the belief that at some time the dead will be revived in the flesh . Many Jewish prophets, such as Ezekiel (Yehezkel), spoke of the resurrection from the dead. [ page not specified 21 days ] , Daniel (Daniel), etc. So, the prophet Daniel says the following about this:
And many of those sleeping in the dust of the earth will awaken, some for eternal life, others for eternal reproach and shame.
- Dan. 12: 2
Christianity
In Christianity, the dogma of universal resurrection , Judgment Day and retribution is one of the fundamental. Among others, he is included in the Nicene-Constantinople Creed and in the ancestral Apostolic Creed that preceded it. .
According to the Gospel : “The Father does not judge anyone, but he has given all judgment to the Son .... and he gave him authority to execute judgment, because he is the Son of man ”( John 5:22 , John 5:27 ). For this reason, Christians believe that Jesus Christ will execute judgment on all nations when “ all His holy angels come with His glory ” ( Matthew 25: 31-32 ).
In addition, part of his judicial powers, Christ will entrust the righteous, in particular, the apostles , whom he promised to put on 12 thrones to judge 12 tribes of Israel ( Luke 22:30 , Matthew 19:28 ). The apostle Paul was convinced that all saints (Christians) would judge the world: “ Do you not know that saints will judge the world? If you judge the world, are you really unworthy to judge unimportant cases? Do you not know that we will judge the angels? ”( 1 Cor. 6: 2-3 ).
In the New Testament, the picture of the Doomsday and the Last Judgment is described as follows.
Angels at the end of the age will gather the elect from the four winds from the edge of heaven to their edge ( Matthew 24:31 ), and also gather from the kingdom of All temptations and doing lawlessness ( Matthew 13:41 ) and separate the evil from the environment of the righteous ( Matt. 13:49 ). According to the apostolic teaching, “ we all must appear before the Judgment Seat of Christ ” ( 2 Cor. 5:10 ), “ we all will stand before the judgment of Christ ” ( Rom. 14:10 ). God through Jesus Christ will judge the Jews and Gentiles ( Rom. 2: 9 ), the living and the dead ( Acts 10:42 ; 2 Tim. 4: 1 ), that is, those who will rise from the dead and those who remain alive until the resurrection, but, like those who have risen, they will change ( 1 Cor. 15: 51-52 ), as well as, apart from people, and evil angels ( Jude 6 ; 2 Pet. 2: 4 ). They will be judged not only the affairs of people, both good and evil ( Matt. 25: 35-36 , 2 Cor. 5:10 ), but also their idle word ( Matt. 12:36 ). The righteous Judge will say: “ Come, blessed of My Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world ” ( Matthew 25:34 ), but sinners will hear such a sentence: “ come from me, damned, into eternal fire prepared for the devil and his angels ”( Matthew 25:41 ). There is an opinion that not only the words and deeds of people will be judged, but also their inner thoughts and intentions (“the word of God ... judges the thoughts and intentions of the heart ” ( Heb. 4:12 )). The doctrine of the Orthodox ascetic on mental warfare is based on this opinion - when any sinful thought is considered intolerant and subject to unconditional eradication.
In a number of Protestant denominations ( Baptists , Pentecostals , etc.) they teach about two courts: separately - for Christians (on which he will not decide where he will spend eternity - in hell or paradise, but his Christian life will be evaluated) and separately - The Last Judgment for everyone else. The basis for such an expression is the words of Christ, "He who hears My word and believes in Him who sent Me has eternal life, and does not come to judgment, but has passed from death to life." ( John 5:24 , a similar passage of John 3:18 ) and the apostle Paul “no one can lay any foundation other than that which is Jesus Christ. Whether anyone builds on this foundation from gold, silver, precious stones, wood, hay, straw, each business will be discovered; for the day will show, because it opens in fire, and the fire will experience the work of everyone, what it is. Whoever has the business that he built will stand, he will receive a reward. And whoever burns the business will suffer damage; but he himself will be saved, but as if from a fire. ” 1 Cor. 3: 11-15 . It is assumed that before the Second Coming of Christ , the rapture of the Church will take place.
Islam
Judgment hour will not come until two huge armies fight, which will suffer heavy losses and at the same time profess the same faith; until about thirty liars appear, each of whom will call himself the messenger of Allah; until Allah raises religious knowledge from people (disappears); until earthquakes become more frequent; until time speeds up; until confusion (test) appears; until the killings become more frequent; until you swim in luxury, because there will be so much of your wealth that the owner of the property will be worried that no one accepts his donations, and when he tries to give alms, they will answer him: “I do not need this "; until people compete in the construction of tall houses; until a person passing by the grave says: “It would be better if I were in his place”; and until the sun rises from the west. And when it rises, people will see it and will believe everything as one, but this faith will not help them.
Kiyamat ( Arabicيوم القيامة - day of standing) - in Islamic eschatology, the day of God's judgment, when all people will receive retribution for their deeds. Faith on the Last Day is one of the essential elements of Islamic belief .
Kiyamat will begin with two trumpet voices (suras) from the side of the angel Israfil . The first will announce the destruction of all the creations of Allah, and the second - the resurrection of mankind and the beginning of God's judgment. On the day of kiyamat, all creations will appear before Allah and will be responsible for their deeds. Much is said about kiyamata in the Qur'an and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad [1] .
The exact time of the onset of kiyamat is not known to anyone except Allah. Muslims believe that the wisdom (hukm) of the concealment of the exact time by Allah Almighty lies in the constant readiness of people for it [2] . Many people asked their prophets about this Day, but no one gave them an exact date. The Qur'an says this: “They ask you about the Hour:“ When will it come? ”Say:“ Verily, the knowledge of this belongs only to my Lord. No one but Him is able to open the time of his advance. This knowledge is hard for heaven and earth. He will come suddenly. " They ask you if you know about it. Say: “Verily, the knowledge of this belongs to Allah alone, but most people do not know this” ” [3] .
In Fine Art
The Last Judgment was allegorically depicted first in the form of a separation of “ sheep from the goats ” ( Matthew 25:32 ) - for example, the church of St. Felix in Fundy (IV century). Starting from the XII century, the plot of the Last Judgment arises in the form of Christ's descent into hell in conjunction with the vision of Ezekiel . On the scenes of the Last Judgment during this period, images of the throne of the prepared , Archangel Michael with weights appear, with one devil trying to outweigh one cup. In such images of the Last Judgment there are pictures of hell with the torment of sinners and paradise with the bliss of the righteous.
From the 16th century, in the iconography of Russian people, the scene of the Last Judgment began to place the figure of a merciful fornication , a hero of a legend, who was left on the border of hell and paradise since, although he did alms, he did not overcome the sin of fornication .
See also
- Hinnom Valley
- List of doomsday dates - in many predictions, doomsday was supposed to be Doomsday
Notes
- ↑ Ali-zade, A. A. Kyyama // Islamic Encyclopedic Dictionary . - M .: Ansar , 2007 .-- S. http://slovar-islam.ru/books/k.html#Kyyama60 .
- ↑ Signs of Doomsday . islamdag.ru (July 3, 2009). Date of treatment June 9, 2013. Archived June 10, 2013.
- ↑ al-A'raf 7: 187 ( Quliyev )
Literature
- Plugin V. A. Eschatological theme in Old Russian social thought. M., 1971.
- Tsodikovich V.K. Semantics of the Last Judgment iconography. Ulyanovsk, 1995.
- Romanchuk L. A. “The Last Judgment” // Romanchuk L. Demonism. The Beast of the Apocalypse (myths, versions, realities). M .: Mailer, 2012 .-- S.196-210.