Radonezh

Located on the cape, on the banks of the river Pazhi . In its place, a settlement of the Dyakovo type was discovered (beginning AD). Since ancient times, the Finno-Ugric tribes, the Meria and the Balts , settled on the banks of Vori , Page and Torgosh , and later the Slavs came here. The settlement of the future of the Radonezh region went along the river Vorya ^[9] . In the 1st millennium on Thief there was a fortified tribal village of the Finno-speaking population.

At the end of the XII century, a group of Slavic- Krivichi villages was formed on the Middle Thief, known for its monuments of barrow life. Most of these settlements were destroyed during the Mongol invasion in the middle of the XIII century and never resumed subsequently.

The village of Radonezh was founded by the Slavs around the 11th century at the intersection of the road and the river Pazhi. According to legend, the Novgorodian Radoneg built a fortress and called it “Radonezh”, as belonging to him, Radoneg ^[10] . The more northern lands of Radonezh were not ruined in 1238-1240. under the onslaught of the horde of Batu Khan. The settlement of Radonezh occurred during the Tatar-Mongol yoke in the second half of the XIII century - the first half of the XIV century. The Pereyaslavl road passing through Radonezh became the main direction of the Slavs' settlement east from Moscow to Pereslavl-Zalessky .

Radonezh was part of the Rostov-Suzdal , then Moscow principality . In the first decades of the Tatar yoke , Tatar Baskaks sat there, as evidenced by both local folklore and the names of the tracts "Khan's wasteland" and "Baskakovo" ^[11] . Subsequently, there appeared a court of princely tyun , with the Church of the Nativity.

In the middle of the XIV village Radonezhskoye is part of the Moscow Principality . At this time, the fortified estate of the princely governor, the administrative center of the Radonezh volost, was located in the village. For the first time in written sources, the village of Radonezh is mentioned in the spiritual letter of the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan I Danilovich Kalita , written in 1328 ^[12] , 1336th ^[13] or in 1341 ^[14] . According to the letter, after the death of Ivan Danilovich, the village was supposed to go to his widow Elena with smaller children ^{[15] [16]} , unmarried daughters. However, in 1331, Princess Elena dies, and the village passes to the son of Ivan Kalita, Prince Serpukhov-Borovsky , Andrei Ivanovich ^[17] . For the infancy of Andrei, Ivan Kalita appointed the governor of Terenty Rtishcha in Radonezh ^{[15] [18]} .

In 1340 (1328,1337 ^[9] or 1341 ^[19] ), Andrei, due to impoverishment and famine in Rostov land, moved to Rostov boyar Kirill and his son, youth Bartholomew - who later became Saint Sergius of Radonezh , who founded Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius , 15 km from Radonezh ^[20] . Boyar Kirill settled at the existing Church of the Nativity of Christ ^[21]

After the death of Ulyana (1374) ^[22], Radonezh belonged to her grandson Vladimir Andreevich Khrabrom, Prince Serpukhov .

After the death of Vladimir Andreevich in 1410, Radonezh became the center of the specific Radonezh principality belonging to his son, Andrei Vladimirovich ^[23] .

Andrei Vladimirovich turned Radonezh into a town , poured sand ramparts three meters high, built a wooden Kremlin on them. The village became known as the Town of Radonezh . The town was the center of two volosts - Radonezh and Beli.

In 1426, during a plague epidemic, Andrei Vladimirovich died without leaving an heir. The specific Radonezh principality ceases to exist and moves to the Moscow principality ^[23] .

Elena Olgerdovna (1353-1438), daughter of the Grand Duke of Lithuania and mother Andrei Vladimirovich , blessed her nephew, Vasily Yaroslavich, with the village of Kovezinsky in Radonezh, in spiritual writing. Vasily was the grandson of Vladimir Andreevich the Brave and the son of Prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich , who died of the plague in 1426.

In 1446, Dmitry Shemyaka and Ivan Mozhaisky took advantage of the fact that the Grand Duke Vasily II was in the Trinity Monastery, captured Moscow.

In 1456 ^[24] (1462th ^[25] ) "for some sedition" Vasily Yaroslavovich was captured and sent to life exile in Uglich ^[26] . The domain of the prince, including Radonezh, went to Moscow.

Ivan III made the town of Radonezh the center of a special county. In 1491 (or 1497th ^[27] ), Ivan III transferred the fair (bargaining) from the Trinity Monastery to Radonezh ^[28] .

Ivan III in 1505 bequeathed the city to his son Vasily III .

Under Vasily III or soon after his death (in the 1530s ), a pit (post station) was created in the city, and under Ivan the Terrible there were 40 coachmen.

In the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the city ​​fell into decay. During the campaign of Sapieha to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery ( 1608 - 1610 ), Radonezh was devastated by Polish troops and did not revive as a city.

In 1617 ^{[ clarify ]} Mikhail Fedorovich transferred the Town of Radonezh to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. The city turned into an owner's village ^[29] .

In this reign, on the site of Radonezh there were 10 peasant households and 13 bobyl households.

The village Radonezhsky Gorodok, or simply Gorodok ^[10] , belonged to the monastery (c 1744 - the monastery) until 1764 , when church lands were secularized and transferred to the treasury. In 1842, the stone Transfiguration Church was built in the village.

In October 1989, by a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, the village of Gorodok was renamed the village of Radonezh .

The Transfiguration Church was built in 1836 - 1842 . The basis is a pillarless quadruple crowned with a rotunda with eight windows. There is one apse in the eastern wall of the temple, with porticoes with four Doric columns adjoining it from the north and south sides. From the west, a refectory is attached to the church, since the 1860s it has been connected by a narrow passage with a three-tier bell tower that was previously separate. In 1855, a fence was built around the church.

In front of the altar of the church is a five-tier iconostasis, in the aisle of St. Sergius of Radonezh in the refectory the iconostasis is two-tier. Icons of local masters of the second half of the XIX century . Fragments of the mural of the 1870s have been preserved.

Opposite the entrance to the temple there is a cross, which previously stood on the grave of the holy blessed old woman Matrona of Moscow .

On May 29, 1988, a memorial sign was erected at the entrance to the territory of the former kid’s house (sculptor V. M. Klykov , architect R. I. Semerzhiev). It is a three-meter figure of an old man with a relief image in its middle part of a boy with the image of the Trinity and symbolizes a wonderful meeting that changed the life of the youth Bartholomew , who later became known as Sergius of Radonezh .

The ramparts of the 15th century have been preserved. However, at present a cemetery is located on the territory of the former kid’s, and, despite the formal ban, graves are also located on the ramparts themselves. Artist B. N. Gushchin is buried in the cemetery.

From January to April 1976, in the vicinity of the village of Radonezh, on the banks of the Pazha River, the shooting of the film "Aty-bats, soldiers were coming ..." by actor and director Leonid Bykov , who starred in the film in one of the main roles.

•  

  Transfiguration Church in Radonezh

•  

  SNT near Moscow

•  

  Modern view of the rampart

•  

  Page of the river. Radonezh holy spring

The sample from burial No. 1 (Kv-A-B / 1-2) of the Radonezh cemetery of the 16th – 17th centuries, geneticists determined the Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a1 , typical of the Slavic population of Russia. The skeleton is attributed to a person aged 25 years. An iron knife was found near the hips, and a bronze cross with the image of Calvary was found under the right shoulder. The burial can be dated to the very beginning of the XVII century, since in 1617 the nearby church of Athanasius the Great was mentioned in the scribe book as empty, so the cemetery was abandoned ^[30] .

• First Kazan Archbishop Guri (Grigory Rugotin) († December 4, 1563 ).

• Radonezh - the history of the village. The Life of St. Sergius of Radonezh. Church of the Transfiguration in Radonezh
• about Radonezh
• Chernov S.Z. Radonezh: from the volost to the princely inheritance (1336-1456) // Ancient Russia. Questions of Medieval Studies . 2007. No. 4 (30). S. 44-49.
• Radonezh: Cultivating Cultural Lands