Remipedia [2] ( lat. Remipedia ) is a class of blind crustaceans found in marine anhiolin caves in Australia and the Caribbean , as well as on the island of Lanzarote ( Canary Islands ). They were first described in 1955 as extinct (fossil species Tesnusocaris goldichi Brooks, 1955, Carboniferous , Paleozoic era ), but after 1979 several living species were found. In 1981, remipeds were singled out in a separate class [3] . Currently, the Remipedia class includes one modern Nectiopoda squad with 7 families [4] .
| Remipedia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Speleonectes tanumekes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Scientific classification | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| International scientific name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Remipedia Yager, 1981 [1] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Squads [1] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Geochronology appeared 326 million years
◄ Nowadays◄ Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction◄ Triassic extinction◄ Mass Permian Extinction◄ Devonian extinction◄ Ordovician-Silurian extinction◄ Cambrian explosion | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Content
- 1 Building
- 2 Behavior
- 3 Reproduction and development
- 4 Classification
- 5 notes
- 6 Literature
- 7 References
Building
The body of the remypedia is divided into the head and body, consisting of many (up to 42) similar segments .
On the head there are three pairs of pre-oral appendages - pre-antennae and two pairs of antennas (antennas I and antennas II), mandibles, two pairs of maxillas and maxillipeds (maxilla).
Predantenny (frontal filaments) - small undivided outgrowths; possibly appendages of the reduced preantennal segment. Antennas I (antennules) consist of a base and two tourniquet branches, bear numerous olfactory bristles ( aesthetics ). The second antennas are bifurcated, shortened, covered with long bristles and create currents of water, possibly bringing smells to the antennas. Mandibles not dissected, without flagellum. Maxillae and leg jaw single-branched, initially probably seven-membered, although some of the segments are fused. Often bear well developed outgrowths - enditis [5] .
At the end of maxillus I there is a claw on which the opening of a large gland opens. Since Maxillas I remypedia can bite victims, it is assumed that the secretion of the gland contains poisons or digestive enzymes that are introduced into the victim's body. It has been hypothesized that hemocyanin can serve as a toxin, which, under the influence of other components of the gland secretion with which it is mixed in a special reservoir, turns into toxic phenol oxidase [6] .
In 2013, a team of researchers found that remypedia venom contains enzymes , as well as neurotoxin , like spider venom [7] .
Eyes (including nauplial eye ) are absent.
Swimming trunk legs are laterally attached and directed away from the body. Extremities bifurcated, articulate; exopodite and endopodite of similar structure, covered with long setae.
Telson is absent, undiluted uropods are attached to the anal segment.
Behavior
Remipedia floats with their backs down, as a rule, rather slowly.
Most of the time, trunk limbs are created by filtration currents of water, and nutrition is mainly filtered. However, they can also be predators and scavengers (direct observation of this is confirmed for several species).
Reproduction and development
Development is not well understood. Described lecithotrophic, floating in the water column larvae - ortho- and metanauplii [8] . Their further development is probably a typical anamorphosis .
Classification
The remypedia class includes 2 orders with 7 modern and 1 fossil families, 13 genera and 25 species [1] [9]
- † Enantiopoda Birshtein, 1960 (extinct squad)
- † Tesnusocarididae Brooks, 1955
- † Tesnusocaris Brooks, 1955
- † Tesnusocaris goldichi Brooks, 1955
- † Tesnusocaris Brooks, 1955
- † Tesnusocarididae Brooks, 1955
- Nectiopoda Schram, 1986
- Cryptocorynetidae Hoenemann, Neiber, Schram & Koenemann, in Hoenemann, Neiber, Humphreys, Iliffe, Li, Schram & Koenemann, 2013
- Angirasu Hoenemann, Neiber, Schram & Koenemann, in Hoenemann, Neiber, Humphreys, Iliffe, Li, Schram & Koenemann, 2013
- Angirasu benjamini (Yager, 1987)
- Angirasu parabenjamini (Koenemann, Iliffe & van der Ham, 2003)
- Cryptocorynetes Yager, 1987
- Cryptocorynetes elmorei Hazerli, Koenemann, Iliffe, 2009
- Cryptocorynetes haptodiscus Yager, 1987
- Cryptocorynetes longulus Wollermann, Koenemann, Iliffe, 2007
- Kaloketos Koenemann, Iliffe & Yager, 2004
- Kaloketos pilosus Koenemann, Iliffe, Yager, 2004
- Angirasu Hoenemann, Neiber, Schram & Koenemann, in Hoenemann, Neiber, Humphreys, Iliffe, Li, Schram & Koenemann, 2013
- Godzilliidae Schram, Yager & Emerson, 1986
- Godzilliognomus Yager, 1989
- Godzilliognomus frondosus Yager, 1989
- Godzilliognomus schrami Iliffe, Otten & Koenemann, 2010
- Godzillius Schram, Yager & Emerson, 1986
- Godzillius robustus Schram, Yager, Emerson, 1986
- Godzilliognomus Yager, 1989
- Kumongidae Hoenemann, Neiber, Schram & Koenemann, in Hoenemann, Neiber, Humphreys, Iliffe, Li, Schram & Koenemann, 2013
- Kumonga Hoenemann, Neiber, Schram & Koenemann, in Hoenemann, Neiber, Humphreys, Iliffe, Li, Schram & Koenemann, 2013
- Kumonga exleyi (Yager & Humphreys, 1996)
- Kumonga Hoenemann, Neiber, Schram & Koenemann, in Hoenemann, Neiber, Humphreys, Iliffe, Li, Schram & Koenemann, 2013
- Micropacteridae Koenemann, Iliffe & van der Ham, 2007
- Micropacter Koenemann, Iliffe & van der Ham, 2007
- Micropacter yagerae Koenemann, Iliffe, van der Ham, 2007
- Micropacter Koenemann, Iliffe & van der Ham, 2007
- Morlockiidae García-Valdecasas, 1984
- Morlockia García-Valdecasas, 1984
- Morlockia atlantida (Koenemann, Bloechl, Martinez, Iliffe, Hoenemann & Oromí, 2009)
- Morlockia ondinae García-Valdecasas, 1984
- Morlockia García-Valdecasas, 1984
- Pleomothridae Hoenemann, Neiber, Schram & Koenemann, in Hoenemann, Neiber, Humphreys, Iliffe, Li, Schram & Koenemann, 2013
- Pleomothra Yager, 1989
- Pleomothra apletocheles Yager, 1989
- Pleomothra fragilis Koenemann, Ziegler, Iliffe, 2008
- Pleomothra Yager, 1989
- Speleonectidae Yager, 1981
- Lasionectes Yager & Schram, 1986
- Lasionectes entrichoma Yager & Schram, 1986
- Speleonectes Yager, 1981
- Speleonectes emersoni Lorentzen, Koenemann, Iliffe, 2007
- Speleonectes epilimnius Yager & Carpenter, 1999
- Speleonectes gironensis Yager, 1994
- Speleonectes kakuki Daenekas, Iliffe, Yager & Koenemann, 2009
- Speleonectes lucayensis Yager, 1981
- Speleonectes minnsi Koenemann, Iliffe, van der Ham, 2003
- Speleonectes tanumekes Koenemann, Iliffe, van der Ham, 2003
- Lasionectes Yager & Schram, 1986
- Xibalbanus Hoenemann, Neiber, Schram & Koenemann, in Hoenemann, Neiber, Humphreys, Iliffe, Li, Schram & Koenemann, 2013
- Xibalbanus tulumensis (Yager, 1987)
- Cryptocorynetidae Hoenemann, Neiber, Schram & Koenemann, in Hoenemann, Neiber, Humphreys, Iliffe, Li, Schram & Koenemann, 2013
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 Koenemann, S .; Boxshall, G. (2013). Remipedia In: Koenemann, S .; Hoenemann, M .; Stemme T. (2013) World Remipedia Database.
- ↑ Animal life. Volume 2. Shellfish. Echinoderms. Pogonofory. Maxillary. Semi-chord. Chordates. Arthropods. Crustaceans / ed. R.K. Pasternak, ch. ed. V. E. Sokolov . - 2nd ed. - M .: Education, 1988 .-- S. 312. - 447 p. - ISBN 5-09-000445-5
- ↑ Yager, J. 1981: Remipedia, a new class of Crustacea from a marine cave in the Bahamas. Journal of crustacean biology, 1 (3): 328–333.
- ↑ Koenemann, S .; Boxshall, G. (2013). Nectiopoda . In: Koenemann, S .; Hoenemann, M .; Stemme T. (2013) World Remipedia Database.
- ↑ Shimkevich V.M. ,. Endit // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ van der Ham, JL, Felgenhauer, BE (2007) The functional morphology of the putative injecting apparatus of Speleonectes tanumekes (Remipedia). Journal of Crustacean Biology 27 (1): 1-9.
- ↑ The first venomous crustacean revealed by transcriptomics and functional morphology in Oxford Journals
- ↑ Stefan Koenemann, Jørgen Olesen, Frederike Alwes, Thomas M. Iliffe, Mario Hoenemann, Petra Ungerer, Carsten Wolff, Gerhard Scholtz. The post-embryonic development of Remipedia (Crustacea) —additional results and new insights. Development, Genes and Evolution (2009) 219: 131-145
- ↑ Daenekas, J .; Iliffe, TM; Yager, J .; Koenemann, S. 2009 : Speleonectes kakuki , a new species of Remipedia (Crustacea) from anchialine and sub-seafloor caves on Andros and Cat Island, Bahamas. Zootaxa , 2016 : 51-66. Abstract & excerpt
Literature
- Fanenbruck, M., Harzsch, S., & Wägele, JW 2004: The brain of the Remipedia (Crustacea) and an alternative hypothesis on their phylogenetic relationships. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
- Koenemann, S .; Schram, FR; Hönemann, M .; Iliffe, TM 2006: Phylogenetic analysis of Remipedia (Crustacea). Organisms, diversity & evolution, 7 (1): 33-51.
- Koenemann, S .; Iliffe, TM; van der Ham, JL 2007: Micropacteridae, a new family of Remipedia (Crustacea) from the Turks and Caicos Islands. Organisms diversity & evolution, 7: 52.e1-52.
- Schram, FR; Yager, J .; Emerson, MJ 1986: Remipedia. Part 1. Systematics. San Diego Society of Natural History memoirs, (15): 5-60.
- Yager, J. 1981: Remipedia, a new class of Crustacea from a marine cave in the Bahamas. Journal of crustacean biology, 1 (3): 328–333.
- Yager J. 1991: The Remipedia (Crustacea): Recent investigations of their biology and phylogeny ; Verh. Dtsch. Zool. Ges. 84, 261-269
- Yager, J. and JH Carpernter. 1999: Speleonectes epilimnius, new species (Remipedia: Speleonectidae) from surface water of an anchialine cave on San Salvador Island, Bahamas. Crustaceana 72, 965-977
- Yager, J. 1994: Speleonectes gironensis, new species (Remipedia: Speleonectidae) from anchialine caves in Cuba, with remarks on biogeography and ecology ; Journal of Crustacean Biology 14, 752-762
- Yager J. 1987: Speleonectes tulumensis n. sp. (Crustacea: Remipedia) from two anchialine cenotes from the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico ; Stygology 3, 160-165
Links
- Information about Remipedia on crustacea.net (in English) (Retrieved April 8, 2012)
- The World Remipedia Database (Retrieved April 8, 2012)
- Paleobiology Database: Class Remipedia Yager 1981