1912 year

January

• January 1 - Sun Yat-sen solemnly entered Nanjing . China is proclaimed a republic , Nanjing is its provisional capital. A meeting of representatives of the rebellious provinces of China elected Sun Yat-sen as interim president of the country ^[1] .
• January 6 - New Mexico became part of the United States as 47 states .
• January 17 - Nicaragua's new constitution published. Entered into force on March 1 ^[2] .
• January 20 - Nicholas II approved the law “On the Equal Rights of Finnish Citizens of Other Russian Citizens” providing all citizens of the Russian Empire in Finland equal rights with local citizens, as well as the possibility of submitting papers and petitions to all official institutions and all officials in Russian. The law allows exceptions for Jews. Entered into force on May 14 .
• January 30 - the Dowager Chinese Empress Long Yu, on her own behalf and on behalf of the young emperor Pu Yi, issued an imperial decree on the transfer of government power to the people and approval of the introduction of the constitutional-republican form of government ^[3] .

February

• 1st of February
  • The representative of the National Party, Manuel Bonilla , won the non-alternative elections of 1911 presidency of Honduras . The candidacy of Bonilla, representing a group of rebels who captured the port of Trujillo on January 10, 1911 , was chosen by the United States, acting as a mediator to resolve the conflict, which they were the hidden initiators of ^[4] .
  • The Dowager Empress Lun Yu instructed Prime Minister Yuan Shikai to begin negotiations with Sun Yat-sen on the conditions for the abdication of the young emperor Pu Yi ^[5] .
• February 12 - in China, the Qing dynasty abdicated, the monarchy was abolished ^[1] .
• February 13 - Sun Yat-sen announced his resignation from the post of interim president of China in favor of General Yuan Shikai ^[1] .
• February 14 - Arizona became part of the United States as a 48 state ^[6] .

March

• March 4 - Honduran President Manuel Bonilla transferred 10 thousand hectares of land in concession to the owner of the Kuyamel Fruit Company, Samuel Semarrey (USA), who financed his rise to power. A month later, Semarrey received the right to build a railway to the port of Tela and to lay banana plantations along it. Until November 1929, successfully competed in the production and sale of bananas with United Fruit ^[4] .
• March 10 - the National Assembly was convened in Nanjing , which adopted an interim constitution and proclaimed Yuan Shikai as interim president of the Republic of China (second after Sun Yat-sen ) ^[7] .
• March 26 - Serbia and Bulgaria entered into a friendship and alliance agreement with a secret appendix on the division of territory that was supposed to be torn away from Turkey in the upcoming war . On May 25, the agreement was supplemented by a military convention ^{[8] [9]} .
• March 30 - Sultan of Morocco Abd al-Hafid and the representative of France signed a convention in Fez on recognizing the French protectorate regime over Morocco ^[10] .

April

• April 4 - in the capital of Tibet - Lhasa, the Chinese authorities announced the establishment of a republican system in the country. This news provoked a sharp rise in separatist aspirations ^{[11] [12]} . A few days later, the Tibetans rebelled, and by the beginning of 1913, after a series of fierce clashes, the Chinese troops had left Tibet.
• April 6 - V.K. Arsenyev ’s secret expedition of 1912-1913 to fight against the Hunkhuzs and poachers in the Ussuri Territory started.
• April 15 - The British liner Titanic crashed as a result of a collision with an iceberg. 1496 people died.
• April 17 - Lensky shooting - shooting of workers by government troops in gold mines on the Lena River ^[13] .
• April 28 - General Louis Hubert Lyotte was appointed the first representative of France in the protectorate of Morocco ^[10] .

May

• May 1 - Italo-Turkish War : the Italian fleet shelled the Dardanelles and tried to enter the Strait. In response, Turkey closed the passage through the Dardanelles to all foreign ships. Italy withdrew its fleet and, under pressure from the great powers , on May 18, Turkey opened the strait for merchant ships of neutral states ^[14] .
• May 5 - the first issue of the Bolshevik newspaper Pravda was published in St. Petersburg .
• May 5 - June 27 - Summer Olympics 1912 in Stockholm ( Sweden ).
• May 29 - Greece and Bulgaria sign a military alliance agreement against Turkey.

June

• June 1 - Voronezh Car Repair Plant named after E. Telman (VVRZ) was founded .
• June 6 - the eruption of the volcano Novarupta in Alaska , which became the largest eruption of the XX century ^[15] .

July

• July 8 - The Russian Empire adopted the Regulation on the replacement of 3 and 4 class urban schools with higher elementary schools ^[16] .
• July 29th - In Nicaragua, the displaced Minister of War, General Louis Mena and a young politician, lawyer Benjamin Celedon, raised an uprising against President Adolfo Diaz ^{[17] [18]} .

August

• August 12 - In Nicaragua, the rebel army of General Louis Mena launched a two-day artillery bombardment of the country's capital Managua . To help the regime of President Adolfo Diaz , additional contingents of the US Marine Corps were thrown ^[17] .
• August 18 - at the request of France, the Sultan of Morocco Abd al-Hafid ceded the throne to his brother Mulay Yusuf ^[10] .
• August 25 - the Kuomintang party was created in China by Sun Yat-sen supporters ^[1] .

September

• September 4 - Rebellion on the Greek island of Samos against Turkish occupation .
• September 7 - The Russian Empire celebrated the centenary of victory over Napoleon in the Patriotic War of 1812 ^[19] . In honor of this event, the Borodino bridge of architect Roman Ivanovich Klein was built in Moscow .
• September 23 - General Louis Mena in Nicaragua abandoned claims to power. The uprising continued under the leadership of Benhamin Celedon .

October

• October 4 - rebel leader Benjamin Celedon (who was appointed general for bold and skillful leadership) was captured and shot in Nicaragua . Anti-government and anti-American uprising died out, Adolfo Diaz in Managua remained the president of the country ^[18] .
• October 8 - Montenegro declared war on Turkey. The beginning of the first Balkan war (1912-1913).
• October 15 - The Italo-Turkish War : a secret preliminary treaty between Italy and the Ottoman Empire was signed in Ears ( Switzerland ) ^[20] .
• October 18 - Italo-Turkish War : in Lausanne a vowel agreement was signed between Italy and the Ottoman Empire , which ended the Italo-Turkish War . Turkey gave autonomy to Cyrenaica and Tripolitania , effectively transferring them to Italian control ^[20] .

November

• November 5 - US presidential election . Presidential candidates were: Republican Party candidate incumbent president William Taft ; the previous president, Theodore Roosevelt , who, after the Republican Party disagreed to nominate him as a party candidate, created his Progressive Party ; Democratic candidate Woodrow Wilson . Woodrow Wilson won.
• November 24 - 25 - Basel Congress of the II International .
• November 27 - France and Spain sign an agreement on the partition of Morocco . The territory of Morocco was divided into three zones, Spain ceded many territories to which it claimed ^[10] .
• November 28 - proclaimed the independence of Albania , which was part of the Ottoman Empire ^[21] . The assembly in Wlore , which proclaimed independence, formed the first government of the country, headed by Ismail Kemal Bey ^[22] .

December

• December 2 - The Reich Chancellor of the German Empire, Theobald von Betman-Holweg, spoke in the Reichstag and said that Germany would enter the war on the side of Austria-Hungary if it was attacked, which would threaten its existence. He also reaffirmed the interests of Germany in the Balkans ^[23] .
• December 17 - The London Conference of the Ambassadors of Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Russia and France recognized the autonomy of Albania ^[22] .
• December 18 - At a meeting of the London Geological Society, Charles Dawson announced the discovery of the skull of a Piltdown man , who turned out to be one of the most famous hoaxes of the 20th century .

No exact dates

• Acmeism led by N. S. Gumilyov appeared in Russian poetry.
• Andrei Nikolaevich Krasnov founded the Batumi Botanical Garden .
• The village of Kolpino near St. Petersburg became a city.
• In England, a naval construction program has been adopted.

See also: Category: Born in 1912

• February 12 - Fedor Stepanovich Pustovoitov , Soviet painter and teacher (d. In 1989 ).
• February 17 - Andre Norton , the most famous American science fiction writer (d. In 2005 ).
• February 27 - Lawrence Darrell , English writer and poet (d. 1990 ), older brother of animal writer Gerald Darrell .
• February 29 - Boris Evseevich Chertok , Soviet, Russian design scientist (d. In 2011 ).
• March 3 - Lev Rebet , Ukrainian publicist and lawyer, one of the leaders of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists .
• March 16 - Pat Nixon , First Lady of the United States ( 1969 - 1974 ) (d. In 1993 ).
• March 23 - Werner von Braun , German and American designer of rocket and space technology , one of the founders of modern rocket science (d. In 1977 ).
• March 28 - Bertram Chandler , Australian science fiction writer (d. 1984 ).
• April 7 - Alexander Fedorovich Semenov , Hero of the Soviet Union (d. In 1979 ).
• April 9 - Leo Zinovievich Kopelev , critic , literary critic (d. In 1997 ).
• April 12 - Hamengkubuvono IX , Vice President of Indonesia , Sultan of Yogyakarta (d. 1988 ).
• April 15 - Kim Il Sung , Korean Communist leader, first and only president of the DPRK (d. In 1994 ).
• April 26 - Alfred Van Vogt , famous American science fiction writer (d. In 2000 ).
• May 16 - Pyotr Petrovich Belousov , Soviet painter, graphic artist and teacher, people's artist of the RSFSR (d. In 1989 ).
• June 23 - Alan Turing , English mathematician (d. In 1954 ).
• June 24 - Sergey Nikolaevich Filippov , comedian (d. In 1990 ).
• August 2 - Ilya Semyonovich Chernyshev , Soviet diplomat, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary (d. 1962 ).
• August 10 - Jorge Amado , Brazilian writer (d. In 2001 ).
• August 12 - Nikolai Efimovich Timkov , Soviet painter, Honored Artist of the Russian Federation (d. In 1993 ).
• August 23
  • Alexei Ivanovich Sudaev , Soviet gunsmith, creator of the submachine gun of the Great Patriotic War PPS-43 (d. 1946 ).
  • Anastasia Alexandrovna Shirinskaya-Manstein , the elder of the Russian community in Tunisia , the last witness to the evacuation from Crimea during the Civil War in Russia (d. 2009 ).
• August 25 - Erich Honecker , the last leader of the German Democratic Republic and the Socialist Unified Party of Germany (d. In 1994 ).
• September 7 - David Packard , American entrepreneur, co-founder of Hewlett-Packard (d. 1996 ).
• September 10 - Herluf Bidstrup , Danish cartoonist (d. 1988 ).
• September 29 - Michelangelo Antonioni , Italian film director and screenwriter (d. In 2007 ).
• October 12 - Grigory Panteleevich Kravchenko , aviation lieutenant general, twice Hero of the Soviet Union (d. 1943 ).
• October 14 - Lev Nikolayevich Gumilyov , Soviet and Russian scholar, historian and ethnologist (d. In 1992 ).
• October 28 - Arseny Vasilyevich Vorozheykin , Soviet pilot, twice Hero of the Soviet Union , Major General (d. 2001 ).
• November 16 - Alexander Petrovich Korovyakov , Soviet painter (d. 1993 ).
• November 23 - Alexander Ivanovich Kvasnikov , football player, goalkeeper. Two-time champion of the USSR and winner of the USSR Cup (d. In 1986 ).

See also: Category: Deceased in 1912

• February 10 - Joseph Lister , English surgeon (born 1827 ).
• February 12 - Hippolytus Langlois (b. 1839 ), French general and senator; Member of the French Academy ^[24] .
• February 18 - Ivan Petrovich Trutnev , Russian artist (born 1827 ).
• March 17 - Gennady Vasilievich Yudin , Russian bibliophile, merchant and industrialist (b. 1840 ).
• March 30 - Karl May , German writer (born 1842 ).
• April 12 - Clara Barton , founder of the American Red Cross (born 1821 ).
• April 20 - Bram Stoker , Irish writer (born 1847 ).
• May 14 - August Strindberg , Swedish writer (born 1849 ).
• May 17 - Pavel Vladimirovich Zasodimsky , Russian writer (b. 1834 ).
• May 19 - Boleslav Prus (real name and surname Alexander Glovatsky ), Polish writer (born 1847 ).
• June 12 - Frederick Passy , French political economist and recognized leader of the European peace movement (b. 1822 ).
• July 7 - Arthur Hobrecht , Prussian politician and statesman (born 1824 ).
• July 17 - Henri Poincaré , French mathematician, physicist and theoretician of science (b. 1854 ).
• August 16 - Martin Schleyer , German Catholic priest, creator of the Volapuk language (born 1831 ).
• August 24 - Alexey Sergeyevich Suvorin , Russian journalist, publisher, writer, theater critic and playwright (born 1834 ).
• August 28 - Wilhelm Goldbaum , Austrian and German publicist, lawyer, translator and editor (b. 1843 ).
• September 9 - Yaroslav Vrhlitsky (real name and surname Emil Frida ), Czech poet, playwright, translator (born 1853 ).
• October 28 - Matvey Stepanovich Lalaev (born 1828 ), artillery general of the Russian Imperial Army , military teacher, historian and publicist ^[25] .
• November 15 - Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak , Russian prose writer, playwright (born 1852 )

• Physics - Niels Gustav Dalen - "For the invention of automatic controllers used in combination with gas batteries for light sources on lighthouses and buoys."
• Химия — Виктор Гриньяр — «За открытие реактива Гриньяра, способствовавшего развитию органической химии»; Поль Сабатье — «За метод гидрогенизации органических соединений в присутствии мелкодисперсных металлов, который резко стимулировал развитие органической химии».
• Медицина и физиология — Алексис Каррель — «За признание работы по сосудистому шву и трансплантации кровеносных сосудов и органов».
• Литература — Герхарт Иоханн Роберт Гауптман — «В знак признания плодотворной, разнообразной и выдающейся деятельности в области драматического искусства».
• Премия мира — Элиу Рут — «За усилия по укреплению мира в западном полушарии».