Trento

Trento is located in the upper Adige River at the foot of the Alps . The city lies in a wide glacial valley. On the territory of Trento, two of its tributaries flow into Adige - Fersina and Avisio . Around the city rise quite high mountains, representing the southeastern spurs of the Alpine mountain range, including Vigolana (2150 m), Monte Bondone (2181 m), Paganella (2124 m). Near Trento there are several large lakes, including Lakes Garda , Caldonazzo, Levico and Toblino.

The question of the emergence of an urban settlement on the site of modern Trento is still controversial. Some historians believe that the founders of the city were the alpine reta tribes, whose pedigree was led either to the Etruscans , then to the Celts , or to the Cimbrians . According to another version, the city was founded by the Gauls around the 4th century BC. e. .

At the end of the 1st century BC. e. Trento was conquered by the ancient Romans . The Romans named their settlement on the territory of Trento, as the city was surrounded by three hills of Doss-Trent , Sant'Agata and San Rosso . Later, during the Middle Ages , the following words were stamped on the walls of the assembly hall of the city hall: Montes argentum mihi dant nomenque Tridentum (from Latin - “Mountains give me silver and the name Trento”), attributed to Fra Bartolomeo da Trento (d. 1251 ) .

After the fall of the Roman Empire, Trento repeatedly changed its nationality: the city was part of the Ostrogoth kingdoms, Lombards , and the Frankish Carolingian empire. Since 961, Trento was included in the Holy Roman Empire . In 1027, Emperor Conrad II founded the bishopric of Trent , who was granted extensive land holdings in South Tyrol and the status of a sovereign princedom. Over time, however, the influence of the bishopric fell, giving way to secular feudal lords of the region, first to the dukes of Meran , and from the 13th century to the counts of Tyrol . At the same time, a rise in production began in the bishops' estates: industrial development of silver deposits began in the Monte Calicio area. Prince Bishop of Trent Federico Wang even published the first mining code in the Alpine region.

In 1475 , a mysterious disappearance of a three-year-old boy named Simon took place in Trento, blamed on the local Jewish community, which led to major reprisals against the Jews. Simon was even counted among the saints. It was not until the 20th century that the Catholic Church recognized the accusation of the Jewish community as groundless and abolished the worship of Simon of Trent.

In the XVI century, Trento became the venue for the famous Council of Trent ( 1545 - 1563 ), which opened the period of the Counter-Reformation in Europe and approved a number of important Catholic dogmas. A significant role in the work of the cathedral was played by Prince Bishop Trent Cristoforo Madruzzo ( 1539 - 1567 ). By this time, the bishopric itself fell under the protectorate of the Austrian Habsburgs , who actually subjugated the administrative apparatus of the bishopric. Nevertheless, Trento retained formal independence until the Napoleonic Wars . The principality included quite extensive territories in South Tyrol, on both banks of the Adige River.

In 1797 and later in 1801 , the city was occupied by French troops. The Regensburg Reichstag ( 1803 ) of the Holy Roman Empire decided to secularize all church possessions in Germany. The secular authority of the bishop was liquidated, its territory was annexed to Austria . The bishop retained only priestly authority on the lands of the Trent diocese , which included the extreme south of Tyrol. In 1805 - 1814, Trento was part of Bavaria , and in 1814, by the decision of the Vienna Congress, it was returned to the Austrian Empire , becoming part of the crown land of Tyrol .

In the 19th century, the economy and management system of Trento were significantly modernized, in 1859 the city ​​was connected with the rest of the empire by the first railway. After the unification of Italy in Trento, Trieste and other cities of the Austrian empire with the Italian population, a strong irredentist movement began with the aim of reunification with Italy. In 1908 , Benito Mussolini worked as a journalist in Trento.

With the outbreak of World War I, the irredential movement reached its peak of development. The Italian nationalists of South Tyrol refused to serve in the Austrian army and sided with Italy. The execution in the castle of Buonconcillo Damiano Chiesa and Cesare Battisti , two Trent irredentists who joined the Italian army and were captured by the Austrians, received enormous resonance. During the war, the lands of South Tyrol and the Adige Valley became the main theater of operations between Italy and Austria, which caused significant damage to the economy of Trento. After the war ended, Trento and all of South Tyrol to Italy were transferred to the main alpine ridge.

After the surrender of Mussolini during World War II ( 1943 ), German troops invaded northern Italy. Trento and South Tyrol were annexed by Germany and became part of the Third Reich . The local German minority, hostile to the Italians, tried to use this to settle accounts, but they were stopped by the Nazis , who still considered Mussolini to be their ally and the head of the Republic of Salo . From November 1944 to April 1945, Trento was badly damaged by the bombing of the Allied aircraft, which sought to destroy the communications of the Nazi armies that connected Italy with Germany. According to modern estimates, more than 10,000 tons of bombs were dropped on the territory from Verona to the Brenner Pass . Some buildings in Trento itself were destroyed, and the church of Santa Maria Maggiore suffered. However, most of the old buildings of the city have survived.

Beginning in the 1950s, Trento and its surrounding area entered a period of economic and cultural growth, which was greatly facilitated by the provision of wide autonomy to the Trentino-Alto Adige region .

The main sectors of the economy of Trento: tourism , trade , services , intensive agriculture and food industry (including winemaking and fruit processing). High-tech industries are also developed here, while manufacturing is in decline. Transport and logistics are of great importance, since the city is on an important route from Germany to Italy. In the vicinity of Trento, pink and white porphyry , which is widely used in local architecture, is still mined.

Every year, Trento hosts the International Conducting Competition. Antonio Pedrotti. The famous Italian composer Pedrotti (1901 - 1975) has been a regular conductor of the local Haydn Orchestra since its founding in 1960.

The patron saint of the commune is venerated Saint Vigilius of Trento , celebrated on June 26 .

In the architecture of Trento, the traditions of the Italian Renaissance and German Gothic are closely intertwined. The historical city center is quite small in size. Most of the architectural monuments were restored, and for the Renaissance buildings, their original pastel colors and wooden balconies were restored. Fragments of an old city wall and a round fortress tower have been preserved in Piazza Fiera. In the Middle Ages, the city wall encircled the whole city and the adjacent castle of Buonconsillo .

The main architectural monuments of Trento:

• The Cathedral of St. Vigil is a Romanesque-Gothic cathedral of the 12th-13th centuries, built on the site of the ancient Roman basilica ;
• Cathedral Square is an open space opposite the Cathedral of St. Vigilio with Renaissance-style frescoed buildings and a classic fountain in the form of Neptune in the middle;
• Church of Santa Maria Maggiore ( 1520 ) - the venue for the first meetings of the Council of Trent (1562-1563);
• Buonconcillo Castle - a characteristic monument of medieval castle architecture with the majestic Eagle Tower ( Italian: Torre dell'Aquila ) and unique frescoes of the 15th century;
• Palazzo delle Albere - a Renaissance manor on the Adige shore, currently a museum of modern art;
• Palazzo Pretorio - a 12th-century palace on Cathedral Square, a museum of baroque church painting;
• the remains of the estates and roads of the ancient Roman city.

Trento is also famous for its monuments of modernism , in particular the railway station building, designed by architect Anjolo Mazzoni in 1934 - 1936 , which is considered one of the best among Italian stations and combines stone, glass, concrete and metal in its construction. In the 1930s, several works by architects of the Italian neo-rationalist trend in architecture appeared in the city (the building of the Grand Hotel J. Lorenzi, the building of the R. Sanzo A. Libera Elementary School).

Not far from Trento, in the city of Rovereto , is a museum of modern art . Trento also hosts the Trent Mountain Film Festival.

The mountains surrounding Trento are a place of active summer and winter tourism . On the mountain of Monte Bondone is the Alpine Botanical Garden , founded in 1938 .

The twin cities of Trento are:

•   Resistencia , Argentina (since 2002 )
•   Kempten , Germany (since 1987 )
•   Prague , Czech Republic (since 1986 )
•   San Sebastian , Spain (since 1987 )
•   Charlottenburg , Berlin , Germany (since 1966 )

Born

See also: Category: Born in Trento

• Bertagnoli, Leonardo - one of the strongest Italian cyclists of the beginning of the XXI century.
• Bortolotti, Mirco - Italian race car driver. Champion of the Italian Formula 3 2008. Now stands for the Red Bull team in Formula 2.
• Gallas, Matthias - Field Marshal of the imperial troops , a participant in the Thirty Years War .
• Lubicz, Chiara is the founder of the Catholic movement Fokolyara , a well-known activist of the ecumenical movement.
• Pozzo, Andrea del - Italian painter and architect . The representative of the baroque . A virtuoso master of illusion painting (frescoes in the church of Sant'Ignazio in Rome , 1685-99). The author of a treatise on the theory of perspective .

Died

See also: Category: Deceased in Trento

• De Gasperi, Alchide - post-war prime minister of Italy , is considered one of the founding fathers of the European Union.
• Mattioli, Pietro Andrea - Italian botanist and doctor named after the genus of flowering plants Matthiola (Levka) ^[1]

• Official website of the municipality of Trento (Italian)
• Trento Tourism Development Agency (Italian) (Eng.) (German)
• University of Trento (Italian) (English) (German) (French) (Chinese)