Zurich ( German: Zürich [ˈtsyːrɪç] ; Swiss. Züri [tsy: ri] , Fr. Zurich , Italian. Zurigo ) is a city in the north of Switzerland . The capital of the German-speaking canton of Zurich and the administrative center of the eponymous district .
| City | |||||
| Zurich | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| him. Zürich | |||||
 | |||||
| |||||
| A country |  Switzerland | ||||
| Canton | Zurich | ||||
| County | Zurich | ||||
| The mayor | Korine Mauh | ||||
| History and Geography | |||||
| Based | |||||
| First mention | in the year 929 | ||||
| Square | 91.88 km² | ||||
| Center height | 410 m | ||||
| Climate type | moderate | ||||
| Timezone | UTC + 1 , in summer UTC + 2 | ||||
| Population | |||||
| Population | ↗ 428,737 [1] people ( 2018 ) | ||||
| Density | 4 666 people / km² | ||||
| Agglomeration | ↗ 1,334,269 people ( 2015 ) [2] | ||||
| Official language | Deutsch | ||||
| Digital identifiers | |||||
| Telephone code | +41 43, +41 44 | ||||
| Postcode | 8000-8099 | ||||
| Car code | Zh | ||||
| Official code | 0261 | ||||
| Other | |||||
| Unofficial name | Zwingli City, Limmatstadt | ||||
| stadt-zuerich.ch (German) | |||||
With a population of 428 thousand people (as of the end of 2018), Zurich is the largest city in the country. More than 1.3 million people live within the agglomeration.
Located on the shore of Lake Zurich at the source of the Limmat River, in a valley between the mountains of Uetliberg and Zurichberg.
Zurich belongs to the category of global cities and is the largest financial center in Switzerland, which houses the headquarters of many insurance companies and banks, including the international UBS and Credit Suisse , the Swiss stock exchange and one of the headquarters of the central bank of Switzerland. Large scientific center: university and higher technical school . In 2019, Zurich ranked second in the world in terms of quality of life [3] and fourth in the list of the most expensive cities in the world [4] .
Roman-Gothic cathedrals Grosmünster , Fraumunster and St. Peter's Church rise above the historical center . On the shore of Limmat is the city hall , built in 1694-1698.
In ancient times, there was a Celtic - German settlement on the site of Zurich, after the arrival of the Romans in the 1st century BC. e. received the Roman name Turikum. How the city was first mentioned in 929 . In the XIII - XVII centuries it was an imperial city . In 1351 he joined the Swiss Union . In the XVI century it became the center of the Reformation led by Zwingli . In the 2nd half of the 19th century it turned into the financial center of the country.
History
Turikum was used by the Romans as a customs post on the border between Recy and Belgica . Louis II of Germany , ruler of the East Frankish kingdom , built a castle on the site of Turikum ( in castro Turicino iuxta fluvium Lindemaci ). He founded the Fraumunster Abbey for his daughter Hildegard on the lands belonging to Zurich in 853. Holy Roman Emperor Henry III expanded the rights of the abbey (including allowing his own coin to be minted), effectively making the abbess the head of the city.
In 1218, Zurich received the status of an imperial city and began to submit not to the feudal lord, but directly to the emperor. In the 1230s, a city wall was built. In 1234, Frederick II of Hohenstaufen granted the abbess of Fraumunster the title of Duchess, and she also appointed the city burgomaster. However, the influence of the abbey gradually fell, and in 1336 the first burgomaster not appointed abbess was the leader of the association of Zurich workshops Rudolf Brun. In 1351, Zurich became the fifth member of the Swiss Union . Due to the (lost) war with seven other members of the alliance for the territory of Toggenburg in 1440, Zurich was expelled from the confederation, but ten years later restored its membership.
Zurich became one of the first centers of the Reformation . The founder of the Reformation in Switzerland , rector of the Zurich Cathedral Ulrich Zwingli began his activities simultaneously with Luther . In Zurich, the Reformation won, after which Zwingli tried to spread it throughout the confederation, but was killed in 1531 at the Battle of Kappel .
Throughout the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries, Zurich retained its wealth and influence. Since 1648, he changed the status of an imperial city to the status of a republic. During the Revolutionary Wars of the end of the 18th century, the Helvetic Republic was created on the territory of Switzerland, and under Zurich, French troops under the command of Massen fought two battles, which eventually led to the defeat of the Russian army , which then left Switzerland.
After the putsch of 1839, almost all fortifications were torn down in the city. In 1847, the first Swiss railway connected Zurich and Basel .
March 4, 1945 Zurich was mistakenly bombarded by the US Air Force . About 12.5 tons of bombs and about 12 tons of incendiary bombs were dropped [5] .
Toponym
The first mention of the name of the city in a similar to modern form dates from the end of the II century - the inscription STA (tio) TURICEN (sis) ("customs post Turikum"), carved on a found gravestone. Neither the etymology of the given name (most likely of the Retian or Celtic origin), nor the meaning can be reliably determined. One of the options is education from Turīcon , originating from the Gallic name Tūros [6] .
The first signs of a name change in the direction of its modern Germanic form appear in the VI century in the form of Ziurichi . Since the X century, the name takes on its modern form Zürich (in 963 - Zürihc ) [7] . In the modern Zurich dialect of the German language, the name has lost the ending ch (pronounced Züri ). This is the result of using a diminutive version of the full name, and not the result of changing it (for example, the form of the adjective used in the same dialect remains zürcher , where ch is pronounced).
Physico-geographical characteristics
Zurich is located at the head of the Limmat River at the northern tip of Lake Zurich , about 30 kilometers north of the Alps . Limmat crosses the historic center of Zurich (Old Town) and then turns west. Zurich is surrounded by mountains covered with forests, including Zurichberg (to the east of the city) and Utliberg , on which there is an observation tower overlooking the city. In the historic center of Zurich, the River Ziel flows into Limmat. The area of the city is 91.88 km², of which 4.1 km² is in the waters of Lake Zurich.
| Zurich Climate (1981-2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicator | Jan | Feb | March | Apr | May | June | July | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Absolute maximum, ° C | 16.9 | 19.3 | 23,2 | 31.3 | 32,4 | 36,4 | 37.7 | 36,2 | 32,5 | 28.7 | 23.8 | 17.0 | 37.7 |
| Average maximum, ° C | 3.0 | 4.7 | 9.6 | 13.9 | 18.6 | 21.7 | 24.1 | 23,4 | 18.9 | 13.8 | 7.3 | 3.8 | 13.6 |
| Average temperature, ° C | 0.4 | 1.4 | 5.3 | 8.9 | 13.3 | 16,4 | 18.6 | 18.1 | 14.2 | 10.0 | 4,5 | 1,5 | 9,4 |
| Average minimum ° C | −1.8 | −1.4 | 1.8 | 4.7 | 9.0 | 12.0 | 14.1 | 13.9 | 10.7 | 7.2 | 2.2 | −0.6 | 6.0 |
| Absolute minimum, ° C | −20.8 | −24.2 | −14.4 | −6.5 | −2 | 0.9 | 5.3 | 4.0 | −0.3 | −5.5 | −11 | −18.5 | −24.2 |
| Precipitation rate, mm | 63 | 62 | 78 | 80 | 122 | 129 | 125 | 123 | 99 | 85 | 78 | 84 | 1128 |
| Source: Weather and Climate | |||||||||||||
| Zurich's climate (569m) over 10 years from 2009 to 2018 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicator | Jan | Feb | March | Apr | May | June | July | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average maximum, ° C | 3.8 | 3.8 | 10.6 | 15.0 | 18.5 | 23.1 | 25.0 | 24.6 | 19.8 | 14.2 | 8.4 | 4.8 | 14.3 |
| Average temperature, ° C | 1.8 | 1.4 | 6.6 | 10.6 | 14.2 | 18.5 | 20.3 | 20,0 | 15.6 | 10.9 | 6.1 | 2,8 | 10.7 |
| Average minimum ° C | −0.1 | −1.3 | 2,4 | 6.0 | 9.6 | 13.6 | 15,5 | 15.3 | 11,4 | 7.8 | 3.8 | 0.7 | 7.1 |
| Precipitation rate, mm | 57.0 | 33.9 | 33.7 | 57.6 | 78.7 | 81.1 | 66.6 | 42,2 | 37.9 | 39.5 | 40.5 | 56.7 | 625.4 |
| Source: weatheronline | |||||||||||||
Population
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Zurich is the largest city in Switzerland. As of March 31, 2008, according to official figures, the population was 378,467 people, of which 116,444 (about 31%) were foreigners [24] . Among foreigners, the largest number of citizens are Germany (26,184), Italy (13,720), Serbia and Montenegro (10,739). 16 088 inhabitants are citizens of African and Asian states [24] . The population of Zurich along with the suburbs (Zurich agglomeration ) according to the 2000 census was 1.08 million people [25] .
As of 2015, the population was already 397 thousand people.
Canton of Zurich is German-speaking , the official language is German. According to the data for 2000, German is the mother tongue for 77.7% of the city’s residents, and Italian is the second highest (4.7%) [26] .
Power
The legislative body is the community council ( German: Gemeinderat ), which includes 125 deputies. They are elected in direct elections every four years, since 2006 a special version of the proportional system developed by the German mathematician used to allocate seats on the council. The purpose of the system is to prevent distortion of the results when voting in areas that could play into the hands of large parties. At the same time, a party that claims to be represented on the council must get at least 5% of the vote in at least one of the nine constituencies of the city.
Executive power is exercised by the city council ( German: Stadtrat ). It consists of nine members, who are also elected by the population for four years. Each member of the council heads one of the city departments. One of the members is the president of the city ( mayor ). The current president of Zurich, Korine Mauch, was elected on March 29, 2009, defeating Catherine Martelli in the second round with a result of 58% of the vote [27] [28] . Mauh took office on May 1, 2009. Previous President Elmar Lederberger was elected in 2002 and re-elected on February 12, 2006.
Zurich also has the governing bodies of the canton of Zurich - parliament, government and the supreme court of the canton.
Administrative division
The administrative boundaries of the city coincided with the so-called old city until 1893. After that, the city expanded twice: in 1893 and 1934, when Zurich united with many municipalities surrounding it, the rapid growth of which began in the 19th century . Today, Zurich is divided into 12 districts ( German: Kreis ):
- District 1 - Old Town (Altstadt), includes the old town on both sides of the Limmat River.
- District 2 - is located on the left side of Lake Zurich and includes the following areas: Enge, Wollishofen and Laimbach.
- Region 3 - Vidicon extends between the Ziel River and Mount Jutliberg and includes areas such as Alt Vidicon, Silfeld and Friesenberg.
- District 4 - Aussersil, is located between the River Ziel and the railway going from Zurich Central Station .
- District 5 - Industrial Quarter (Industrialkvartir), located between the Limmat River and the railway. It includes the old industrial part of Zurich.
- District 6 - on the border with Mount Zurichberg - the hill from which the eastern part of the city is viewed. Includes Oberstrass and Unterstrass.
- District 7 - on the border with Adlisberg (Adlisberg) - a hill, which also overlooks the eastern part of the city. Includes Hottingen and Hirslanden.
- District 8 - also known as Riesbach, the eastern part of Lake Zurich.
- District 9 - is located between the Limmat River in the north and Uetliberg in the south. Includes Altstetten and Albisrieden.
- District 10 - located to the right of the Limmat River and south of the Hönggerberg and Käferberg. Includes the Hönggerberg and Wipkingen districts.
- District 11 - Located north of Hönggerberg and Käferberg between the Glattal Valley and Lake Katzen (Katzensee). Includes Affoltern, Oerlikon, and Seebach.
- District 12 - Schwamendingen, located in the Glattal Valley north of Mount Zürichberg.
Most of the borders of the districts coincide with the original boundaries of the municipalities before they joined Zurich.
Economics
Zurich is often called the economic and financial capital of Switzerland [29] [30] . Zurich has the headquarters of many Swiss banks and insurance companies ( UBS , Credit Suisse , Swiss Re , Zurich Financial Services ) and the Swiss Stock Exchange . All this makes Zurich one of the main global financial centers. The headquarters of Barry Callebaut , one of the leaders in world chocolate production, is located in the city.
In 2011, Zurich took second place in the ranking of the 25 best cities in the world according to the British magazine Monocle (in the first place - Helsinki , in the third - Copenhagen ) [31] . In the same 2011, in the ranking of the safest cities in the world published by the international consulting company Mercer, Zurich shared 2–4 places with Bern and Helsinki ( Luxembourg took the first place) [32] [33] .
Transport
The main means of transportation in Zurich are trams , 13 lines of which encompass the entire city with a network. In addition, a large number of bus and trolleybus routes operate. The lanes for public transport are usually separated from the lanes of the rest of the transport, as a result of which there are no problems with it even at rush hour. The average waiting time is 8-10 minutes. Transport runs exactly on schedule. There is a different timetable for weekdays, Saturdays and Sundays with holidays. After midnight, regular flights are replaced with night buses, tickets for which must be purchased separately.
Zurich also uses water transport, funiculars and there is even a cable car between Adliswil and Felsenegg.
The most popular form of personal transportation is the bike . Special paths are usually allocated for cyclists; there are a huge number of free bicycle parking lots. Car parking in the city is usually paid, and due to traffic jams during rush hours public transport becomes a faster method of transportation than a personal car.
Railway
Zurich Central Station ( Hauptbahnhof Zürich ) is Switzerland's key railway junction. It holds 16 platforms for long-distance trains and 10 platforms for high-speed city trains. High-speed international trains EuroCity , Cisalpino , TGV , Intercity-Express and CityNightLine run through the central station. About 870 trains leave the station per day. Metro is being designed.
In Zurich itself there is a network of high-speed city trains of the S-Bahn type , which, in addition to the city itself, covers the territory of the canton of Zurich and parts of the canton of Argau . In addition to the Central Station, there are several railway stations in the city's districts: Oerlikon, Stadelhofen, Hardbruck, Tiefenbrunnen, Enge, Vidikon, Altstetten, Wipkingen.
Car
Zurich is located at the intersection of several major highways : A1 highway passes through the city and goes west to Bern and Geneva , and east to St. Gallen , A3 highway connects Basel in the north and Zargans in the southeast, passing along Zurich Lake and Lake Valen , the A4 highway connects Winterthur with Lucerne . The merging of several traffic streams regularly leads to traffic jams . In 1985, a bypass route was put into operation north of the city, but it does not cope with transport problems. In May 2009, a tunnel was opened under Mount Uetliberg ; in 2012, a tunnel was expanded near Mount Gubrist (in the west). There is a large-scale project to create an underground tunnel within the city that would connect all three highways.
Aerial
Zurich International Airport is located in the city of Kloten , about 10 km northeast of Zurich. It is the largest airport in Switzerland; in 2007, Zurich Airport ranked 10th in Europe and 18th in the world in terms of passenger traffic (about 20 million passengers per year) [34] . It is the main hub of Swiss International Air Lines and Lufthansa and the home airport of Swiss airlines Belair , Edelweiss Air and Helvetic Airways . The airport is connected by high-speed trains to Zurich Central Station and buses to the Oerlikon district in the north of the city.
The airport is also in Dubendorf , but it is used only by military aircraft.
Media
Zurich is the seat of two large Swiss media corporations - Tamedia (the company publishes German-language newspapers Tages-Anzeiger and 20 Minuten , owns the local television station TeleZüri) and Ringier (publishes the popular daily newspaper Blick ). Tages-Anzeiger, Blick, published since 1780 by Neue Zürcher Zeitung and distributed free of charge by 20 Minuten, are Switzerland's most popular daily newspapers.
In Zurich is the headquarters of Schweizer Fernsehen, the German-speaking division of the television corporation SRG SSR idée suisse, which owns several television channels. Also in the city there is a local TeleZüri channel and equipment for broadcasting several private television channels (Star TV, U1 TV and 3 Plus TV). Zurich has many radio stations, and some of them broadcast only at certain times of the year (CSD Radio in May and June, Radio Streetparade in July and August, rundfunk.fm in August and September).
Education and science
There are currently twelve traditional universities in Switzerland [35] , two of which are located in Zurich. The University of Zurich was founded in 1833 by combining the three colleges that existed at that time with the newly formed Department of Philosophy. The university is subordinate to the canton of Zurich . In 2008, more than 24,000 students studied there - much more than at any other university in the country [36] . The Federal Higher Technical School (ETH for short, formerly called the Federal Polytechnic Institute) is considered the best university in Switzerland and one of the best universities in Europe in the field of natural sciences and computer science . The Swiss Higher Technical School was founded by the confederation and is still under federal control. Among the graduates and professors of both universities there are many Nobel Prize winners , including Albert Einstein and Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen . The main buildings of both institutions are located in the old part of the city, District 1, so one of the blocks was called Hochschulen (with it. - "higher education institutions"). The Institute of K.G. is located in Zurich Jung , created with his personal support in 1948 as the world's first educational and research institution in the field of analytical psychology and psychotherapy . Jung collaborated with the institute until his death in 1961. The Institute conducts extensive international activities, including opening branches in other countries [37] .
The city also has a Central Library, which is also a city library, a canton library and a university library.
Sport
The headquarters of the International Federation of Football Associations (FIFA) and the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) are located in Zurich.
In Zurich, football clubs Zurich and Grasshopper are based , having won the Swiss championship 11 and 27 times respectively. The native stadium for both clubs is Letzigrund , which seats about 30,000 people. Three matches of the group stage of Euro 2008 were played at the stadium.
The hockey club “ ZSK Lions ” was formed in 1997 as a result of the merger of two hockey clubs existing in the city (the ZSK and the hockey team based on Grasshopper). KYC won the 2008 Swiss National League and the first Champions Hockey League . The Hallenstadion multifunctional stadium, the home arena of the ZSC, was the venue for the largest competitions in various sports, including the 1998 World Hockey Championship and the 2006 European Handball Championship . Hallenstadion is often used as a venue for concerts. In 2014, the European Athletics Championships were held here.
Every year in August in Zurich, the IAAF Golden League Athletics stage takes place, and in October - the women's tennis tournament Zurich Open .
Attractions
- Grosmünster is the largest cathedral in Zurich.
- Fraumunster is a female abbey famous for the stained glass windows of Marc Chagall .
- St. Peter's Church is the oldest church in Zurich with the largest clock in Europe.
- Lindenhof - Linden courtyard - a square on a mountain with panoramic views of the city, which was once a customs point founded by the Romans.
- House of Artisans Guild .
- Opera House
- Town Hall
- Observation deck of the main building of ETN .
- Kunsthouse .
- Uetliberg is a mountain near Zurich with an observation tower. Great views of the city with its surroundings and the lake.
- Zurich Zoo .
- The Mahmud Mosque in Zurich is the first mosque built in Switzerland.
- Fluntern Cemetery - a cemetery where many celebrities are buried.
- Bahnhofstrasse is the central shopping street.
Museums
- Swiss National Museum ( Landesmuseum ).
- Dinosaur Museum ( Sauriermuseum ).
- Toy Museum ( Spielzeug-Museum ( Pegasus Small World ).
- Museum of grape growing ( Weinbaumuseum am Zürichsee ).
- Industrial Museum ( Industrieensemble Neuthal ).
- Spinning Wheel Museum ( Museumsspinnerei Neutha l).
- Birmensdorf Museum ( Dorfmuseum Birmensdorf ).
- Museum of Hares and Rabbits ( Hasenmuseum ).
- History Museum ( Johannitermuseum ).
- Bulach Museum ( Ortsmuseum Bϋlach ).
- Dietikon Museum ( Ortsmuseum Dietikon ).
- Museum of the tram ( Tram museum ).
- Collection of the Emile Burle Foundation .
- Museum of Modern Art Migros [38] .
Famous Events
- Sächsilüüte - Guild Parade.
- Street parade - a parade of techno music lovers.
- Zurich annual film festival (since 2005).
Famous People
Famous people who were born or died in Zurich:
- Johann Jacob Meyer , participant in the Liberation War in Greece 1821-1829, editor of the besieged city of Mesolongion newspaper, died in the breakthrough of the besieged ( Third siege of the Mesolongion ).
- Joanna Spyri (1827-1901), a children's writer, author of the story Heidi , died in Zurich.
- Augusto Giacometti (1877-1947), a Swiss artist, died in Zurich.
- James Joyce (1882-1941), an Irish writer and poet , a representative of modernism , died in Zurich.
- Max Frisch (1911–1991), a Swiss writer, was born and died in Zurich.
- Martin Suter (born 1948), a Swiss writer and screenwriter, was born and lives in Zurich.
- Mathieu Seiler (born 1974), Swiss film director and screenwriter, nominee for international film festivals. Born in Zurich.
- Иоганн Генрих Песталоцци (1746—1827), швейцарский педагог, один из крупнейших педагогов-гуманистов конца XVIII — начала XIX века, внёсший значительный вклад в развитие педагогической теории и практики. Родился в Цюрихе.
Города-побратимы
- Сан-Франциско , США
- Kunming , China
Notes
- ↑ Neue Daten zur Bevölkerung 2018 .
- ↑ Agglomeration Cores of Swiss Confederation .
- ↑ 2019 QUALITY OF LIVING RANKING City Ranking . // mercer.com. Дата обращения 23 июля 2019.
- ↑ Самые дорогие и самые дешевые города мира по версии Economist . BBC Дата обращения 23 июля 2019.
- ↑ Helmreich JE. Diplomacy of Apology (недоступная ссылка) . Archived on August 22, 2011.
- ↑ Andres Kristol, Zürich ZH (Zürich) in: Dictionnaire toponymique des communes suisses — Lexikon der schweizerischen Gemeindenamen — Dizionario toponomastico dei comuni svizzeri (DTS|LSG) , Centre de dialectologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Verlag Huber, Frauenfeld / Stuttgart / Wien 2005, ISBN 3-7193-1308-5 und Éditions Payot, Lausanne 2005, ISBN 2-601-03336-3 , p. 992f.
- ↑ «Zürcher Ortsnamen — Entstehung und Bedeutung» H. Kläuli, V. Schobinger, Zürcher Kantonalbank 1989, p. 109. (No ISBN).
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Исторический словарь Швейцарии — 1998.
- ↑ Statistik Schweiz - VZ 1850 — Federal Statistical Office .
- ↑ http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/150/03/01/00/02.html
- ↑ http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/150/03/01/00/03.html
- ↑ http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/150/03/01/00/04.html
- ↑ http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/150/03/01/00/05.html
- ↑ https://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/stadthaus.secure.html
- ↑ http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/150/03/02/00/01.html
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 http://data.stadt-zuerich.ch/content/portal/de/index/ogd/daten/bevoelkerungsbestand_jahr_herkunft_geschlecht.html
- ↑ http://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=px-d-01-2A00&ti=St%E4ndige+und+nichtst%E4ndige+Wohnbev%F6lkerung+nach+institutionellen+Gliederungen%2C+Geschlecht%2C+Zivilstand+und+Geburtsort&path=../Database/German_01%20-%20Bev%F6lkerung/01.2%20-%20Bev%F6lkerungsstand%20und%20-bewegung/&lang=1&prod=01&openChild=true&secprod=2
- ↑ https://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/prd/de/index/ueber_das_departement/medien/medienmitteilungen/2014/januar/140124a.html
- ↑ https://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/prd/de/index/ueber_das_departement/medien/medienmitteilungen/2017/170202b.html
- ↑ http://population.city/switzerland/zurich/
- ↑ https://statistik.zh.ch/internet/justiz_inneres/statistik/de/daten/gemeindeportraet_kanton_zuerich.html#a-content
- ↑ Bilanz der ständigen Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Staatsangehörigkeit (Kategorie), Geschlecht und demographischen Komponenten — Federal Statistical Office .
- ↑ Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeitskategorie Geschlecht und Gemeinde; Provisorische Jahresergebnisse; 2018 — Federal Statistical Office , 2019.
- ↑ 1 2 Официальный ежеквартальный отчёт
- ↑ Zurich — Switzerland — Information
- ↑ Официальный отчёт — состав населения (недоступная ссылка — история ) .
- ↑ No winner in Zurich mayoral election (англ.)
- ↑ Zürich Elects a Gay Woman as City Gears Up for EuroPride (англ.)
- ↑ Dominique Schärer. Zurich (Switzerland) There's a place for everyone in the streets . Centre d'écologie Urbaine. Дата обращения 30 июля 2008. Архивировано 22 августа 2011 года.
- ↑ For Zurich, new vibrancy in Switzerland's finance capital (недоступная ссылка) . International Herald Tribune (17 июня 2007). Дата обращения 30 июля 2008. Архивировано 25 июня 2007 года.
- ↑ Британский журнал «Monocle» назвал Хельсинки лучшим городом мира . Archived July 5, 2013. // Агентство Finnfacts . — 14 июня 2011. (Проверено 16 июня 2011)
- ↑ Хельсинки признан одним из самых безопасных городов мира // © Yle Uutiset = Служба новостей Yle. = Сайт телерадиокомпании «Yleisradio Oy» (yle.fi) 29 ноября 2011. (Проверено 1 декабря 2011)
- ↑ 2011 Quality of Living worldwide city rankings — Mercer survey // Mercer. — 29 ноября 2011. (англ.) (Проверено 1 декабря 2011)
- ↑ Top 30 World Airports by international passengers , Airport Council International
- ↑ Higher Education in Switzerland . Rektorenkonferenz der Schweizer Universitäten (CRUS). Дата обращения 13 августа 2008. Архивировано 22 августа 2011 года.
- ↑ Studierende an den universitären Hochschulen: Basistabellen (xls) (недоступная ссылка) . Bundesamt für Statistik BFS (2008). Дата обращения 13 августа. Archived on August 22, 2011.
- ↑ Сайт Института К. Г. Юнга в Цюрихе
- ↑ Музей современного искусства Migros (недоступная ссылка) . Дата обращения 28 января 2018. Архивировано 3 января 2014 года.
Links
- Официальный сайт Цюриха (нем.)