Banners of Yermak are a large number of banners attributed to Yermak , which were stored in Siberian churches for a long time [1] . The most famous are the “Ermak banner”, which was stored in the Omsk Cathedral and disappeared during the Civil War, and three banners from the collection of the Armory .
Content
Description of the surviving banners
In the collection of relics of the Armory , there are still three banners of Ermak , "under which he conquered the Siberian Khanate of Kuchum in 1582" [2] .
One of them is shown schematically in the illustration to the right. The banner plates have a length of more than 3 arshins (2 meters ). On one, the images of Joshua and st. Michael . The plot of the image is a scene from the Old Testament . After the death of Moses , Joshua becomes the leader of Israel . On the eve of the capture of Jericho, he sees a man with a sword in his hand - the leader of the host of heaven. “Take off your shoes, for the place on which you stand is sacred,” says the celestial. The picture shows just the moment when Jesus took off his shoes [2] . A similar scene was depicted, according to the story told in 1525 by Dmitry Gerasimov on the banner of Vasily III [3] and preserved on the banner of Dmitry Pozharsky (see Elm banner Dmitry Pozharsky ), which is shown with slight differences in details, of which the most significant is that on the banner of Yermak, Joshua is depicted as an ordinary person (without a halo ), and on the banner of Dmitry Pozharsky he is a saint (with a halo).
On the other two blue banners [4] are the white lion and the unicorn . Banners have a kumachovaya border with rosettes in the corners and patterns [5] .
Banner authenticity
Modern scholars, relying in particular on the authority of Ruslan Skrynnikov , recognize these banners as created in the 17th century [1] . Skrynnikov wrote: Under what banners did the Yermakovites come to Siberia? The answer to this question can give the old inventory of the Armory in Moscow. They mentioned several banners of Ermak. The dilapidated panels have survived to the present day, but it seems that all of them, with one exception, were sewn already in the XVII century. Only one, the most ancient, seems to have traveled a long way with the Yermak detachment from the banks of the Yaik to the very Irtysh. The banner was blue with a wide Cumach border. Kumach is embroidered with an intricate pattern; in the corners of the banner are rosettes like flowers. In the very center, two figures are sewn on a blue field from white canvas, painted with ink. These figures are an “inrog” and a lion standing on their hind legs against each other [6] .
Researchers point to the unusual, but not the impossibility of using a unicorn and a lion in Russian symbols of the 16th century, another similar example is the seal of Ivan the Terrible . The unicorn on the banner was supposed to symbolize the purity of the thoughts of Russian weapons [1] . At the same time, Skrynnikov emphasizes the special popularity of Ivan the Terrible among the common people [6] . According to the materials compiled by G. Vilinbakhov , the unicorn was depicted on the state seals of Ivan the Terrible, personal Boris Godunov, and by 1562 it became an equal state symbol on a par with the " rider " [5] .
"Banners Ermak" stored in the Moscow Kremlin Museums were sent at the beginning of the 19th century from Tobolsk . According to a recent hypothesis, they date back to the end of the 17th century and could be made with the participation of the Tobolsk artist Semen Ulyanovich Remezov [7] .
Banner of Ermak from Omsk (former Tobolsk) [ clarify ] the cathedral was considered a true pre-revolutionary historian G.E. Katanaev on the basis of iconography (depicted Dmitry Solunsky was the heavenly patron of Dmitry Andreyevich Stroganov ) and images of similar contours of the banner in the Kungur annals . However, now these arguments are recognized as at least shaky [8] . According to art historians, the preserved archival photograph allows us to judge it as a work of the last third of the XVII - beginning of the XVIII century [9] .
Links
- The banner of Ermak from the Omsk Cathedral in the drawing of M. S. Znamensky .
Literature
- K. A. Ivanov “Flags of the World”, M., 1971
- L. Yakovlev “Russian Ancient Banners” Moscow, Synodal Printing House, 1865, 384 p.
- A.S. Petrov. “The Banner of Ermak” from the Armory collection: legend and facts ” // Quaestio Rossica. No. 1 (2016). S. 157-169.
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 Andrey Borodovsky Shadow of a unicorn. Commentary by a historian. [1] Archived August 11, 2015 on the Wayback Machine
- ↑ 1 2 Yakovlev, 1865.
- ↑ Rabinovich M. Old Russian banners (X — XV centuries) from the miniature images “New in Archeology”, Moscow State University publishing house, 1972.
- ↑ Legend Banners (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment August 13, 2015. Archived August 11, 2015.
- ↑ 1 2 G. Vilinbakhov Russian banners of the 17th century with the image of a unicorn Messages from the State Hermitage, issue. 47, 1982
- ↑ 1 2 R.R. Skrynnikov Ermak, ZHZL, M .: 2008.
- ↑ A. S. Petrov. "The Banner of Yermak" from the collection of the Armory: the legend and facts " // Quaestio Rossica. No. 1 (2016). P. 157-169.]
- ↑ Vladimir Shuldyakov Banner of Ermak // Tobolsk and all Siberia , 2008.
- ↑ Tychinskaya P. A. The image of the archangel Michael of the terrible forces of the governor in Russian art of the Late Middle Ages: dis. ... cand. art history. M.: State. Institute of Art History, 2012. P. 124-125, adj. 1, cat. 11 (with bibliogr.)