Savoy

Savoy was first mentioned in the 4th century as a locality in Roman Gaul under the name Sabaudia . In 443, with the permission of the Romans, it was occupied by the remnants of the Burgundians defeated by the Huns , who made it the starting point for further conquests in the Rhone Valley. After the collapse of the Carolingian monarchy , Savoy became part of Burgundy .

As part of the Holy Roman Empire

In 1032, Savoy, together with Burgundy, became part of the Holy Roman Empire . The first earl of Savoy became Humbert Belaya Ruka (his descendants subsequently occupied the Italian throne). His son Odo, by means of a marriage concluded in 1050 with Adelgeyda, the daughter and heir of Manfred, the Margrave of Turin , united under one power Savoy and Piedmont .

All the Savoi graphs who followed him in the struggle between the Guelphs and the Ghibellines were permanent emperors' allies; they were able to expand several of their hereditary possessions both in Italy and in the Alpine region (now Switzerland ); for example, Count Pierre II (died 1268 ) annexed the canton of Vaud to Savoy. Under his nephews, Thomas III and Amadeus V, Piedmont and Savoy were divided. Amadeus V, Count of Savoy, was elevated to the rank of imperial prince. Amadeus VII ( 1383 - 1391 ) joined in 1388 the county of Nice to Savoy.

Duchy of Savoy

In 1416, the Savoy Count Amadeus VIII became duke as part of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1418, Piedmont was joined to the Duchy of Savoy, and in 1422 - Genoa .

In 1530 - 1536 , under the Duke Charles III, Savoy lost Geneva , Vaux and other possessions in Switzerland. In 1536 the French occupied Turin during the war with the emperor Charles V , then almost all of Piedmont and Savoy; it was not until 1559 that Emmanuel Philibert , son of Charles III, managed to recapture his ancestral possessions, except for some fortresses, which were returned to him later. His management can be considered the end of the feudal system and the beginning of enlightened absolutism.

His son Karl Emmanuel I ( 1580 - 1630 ), ambitious and restless, led the country into numerous wars, especially with France. The Duke Victor-Amadeus II joined Louis XIV first in the War for the Spanish Succession , then ( 1703 ) went over to the side of Austria . As a result, almost all of his state was occupied by the French, and only the victory of Eugene of Savoy at Turin (1706) restored his power.

In the Peace of Utrecht in 1713 , Victor-Amadeus II received Montferrat , a significant part of the duchy of Milan and the island of Sicily , with the title of king. In exchange for Sicily, which in 1718 was conquered by the Spaniards, he received the island of Sardinia under the Treaty of London in 1720 . Since then, Savoy, Piedmont and Sardinia have been one of the Sardinian kingdom .

France

In 1792-1794 the territory of Savoy was occupied by the troops of revolutionary France and incorporated into that country (as the so-called department of Mont Blanc ). Under French rule, Savoy remained until 1815, after which the Congress of Vienna she was returned to the Sardinian kingdom.

In the 50s. XIX century French emperor Napoleon III again put forward a claim to Savoy. For the purpose of capturing this area, the Napoleonic government used the struggle of Sardinia with the Austrian empire for the unification of Italy: according to the agreement between France and Sardinia, the 1858 Plomber Treaty of Sardinia pledged to cede to France, in exchange for its help against Austria, Savoy and Nice .

In 1860 , after the Austro-Italian-French war of 1859 and the accession to the Sardinian kingdom of Lombardy, Parma , Tuscany , Modena and Romagna, Napoleon secured from the Sardinian government the conclusion of the Turin Treaty , under which the Sardinian king Victor Emmanuel II actually transferred Savoy to France along with Nice . True, the formality of the plebiscite was observed, but measures were taken so that the plebiscite was in favor of joining. The concession of this territory caused great irritation against the government; it was expressed in a very sharp speech by Garibaldi , a native of Nice himself.

Affiliated to France, Savoy formed two departments, Savoy and Haute Savoie.

Previously it was believed that the Savoy dynasty comes from Berold of Saxony , but, according to the latest research ^{[ how? ]} , it turned out to be a legend. In reality it comes from Berengar II (died 966 ) and his son Adalbert, the kings of Pavia . The older line of the House of Savoy faded away in 1831 , and Carlin-Albert, the youngest, Carignan branch, derived from Thomas, the younger brother of Victor Amadeus, Duke of Savoy (1630–37), took its place. The son of Charles-Albert ascended the Sardinian throne in 1849; since 1861 he was called Victor Emmanuel II , King of Italy. His son, Umberto I , was the reigning king of united Italy since 1878.

In Savoy there are numerous mountain resorts. Therefore, in 1992, here in the city of Albertville , the Winter Olympic Games were held. Also in this region is the city of Evian , world famous for its mineral waters.

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• Savoy // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : 86 tons. (82 tons and 4 extra.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Ligue Savoisienne (Fr.) (English)
• La Savoie: entre mondialisation et repli tribal (Fr.)
• La Région Savoie, j'y crois! (fr.)
• Francia Media}: a territorial and genealogical disambiguation of Lorraine and Burgundy, with a section on Savoy
• List of plants protected in the Savoy (fr.) (Verified April 5, 2012)
• F. Engels. Savoy, Nice and Rhine