Zheng Chenggun ( Chinese trad. 鄭成功 , ex. 郑成功 , pinyin : Zhèng Chénggōng ; in peveji writing: Tēⁿ Sêng-kong; Tei Seiko: ( jap. ) ), Better known in European sources as Coxing ( Chinese trad. 國爺 , exercise , pinyin : Guóxìngyé , pall .: Gosinje ; peveji, Kok-sèng-iâ / Kok-sìⁿ-iâ Mr. with the imperial surname ) ( August 28, 1624 - June 23, 1662 ), is the most famous of the Chinese pirates who led the liberation struggle against the Manchu conquerors in southeastern China and expelled the Dutch colonialists from Formosa (Taiwan). His descendants ruled the Formoz kingdom until 1683.
| Zheng chengong | |||||||
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| whale. trad. 鄭成功 , manage . 郑成功 , pinyin : Zhèng Chénggōng | |||||||
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| Predecessor | Position established | ||||||
| Successor | Zheng Jing | ||||||
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| Death | |||||||
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| Children | and | ||||||
| Education | Nanjing Academy | ||||||
| Religion | Confucianism | ||||||
Coxing was born in Japan from a Japanese mother and a Chinese father who pirated in the Taiwan Strait . Until he was seven years old, he lived with his mother in Japan, then moved to Fujian with his father, who obtained a place in the marine department of Minsk China . From 1644 he studied under the traditional Confucian program at the Nanjing Academy .
Content
Manchu War
The capture of Nanking by the Manchus (1645) forced Zheng to follow his father on the coast of the Taiwan Strait, where the pirates loyal to them became the military pillar of the Minsk heir in the fight against the Manchurians' attack on southern China. As soon as the troops of the Manchu Qing dynasty invaded Fujian, Zheng's father entered into a collusion with them. In exchange for a sinekura in the new administration, the Minsk heir was extradited to the authorities and executed. Zheng refused to follow his father and vowed to remain loyal to the Minsk dynasty.
Despite the attractive offers from the new authorities and the constant admonitions of his father, young Zheng, with the help of pirates, strengthened his power on the Fujian coast. Formally, he submitted to the last Minsk “emperor,” Zhu Yulan , who continued to resist the Qing armies in the south-west of the country. Having accumulated enough strength, Zheng unexpectedly entered with his flotilla in 1659 and 100,000 adherents to the Yangtze River Delta and, taking advantage of the employment of the Qing army in the south, reached the Nanjing itself.
Although a series of mistakes in planning the operation forced him to retreat to Xiamen (which had become his capital), Zheng remained invulnerable to the sea. In order to deprive him of his support, the Qing government, completing the rout of the Minsk rebels in the south-west, began to forcefully resettle the inhabitants of the coast into the interior of the country (see the ban on maritime trade ). Under these conditions, Zheng needed a safe rear. The island of Formosa (Taiwan), occupied by the Dutch colonists, should have become such a rear.
War with the Dutch
In April 1661, Coxing (as the Dutch called him) landed on the Dutch Formosa not far from present-day Tainan with 25 thousand of his people. The Dutch fort Zealand was surrounded and after a nine - month siege, wasted out. Having released the Swede in command of the defense of Frederick Coyet and other defenders in peace, Coxing moved his headquarters to Tainan.
Ruler of Taiwan
Zheng Chenggun actually became an independent ruler, although he nominally recognized the last Emperor of Minsk Yongli ( Zhu Yulan ), who continued the struggle on the mainland.
Fujian refugees and supporters of Coxing began to settle the island. The commander of the Philippines , who was in his prime, was mature in a plan to conquer the Philippines , but an unexpected outbreak of malaria ruined these plans. He died in a fit of anger at his subordinates for refusing to bring to death his eldest son, Zheng Jing , whom he caught in connection with the nurse’s younger son (which was considered incest by the Confucian moral code).
Zheng Jing, against the will of his father, inherited the throne and managed to hold Taiwan in his hands for another 20 years, although he had to cede the Pescadores and possessions on the continent to the Qing regime. Two years after his death, in 1683, the Qing fleet under the command of Shi Lang landed in Taiwan and conquered the island.
Reputation
Posthumous fame Coxings allowed him to become a national hero of China. Its crossing from the continent to Taiwan allows the Kuomintang leadership of the island to be considered its historical predecessor, Chiang Kai-shek . In China, he is honored as a fighter against foreign oppressors and colonizers. Even the Qing government, recognizing its unshakable loyalty to the oath, in 1875 established a sanctuary in Taiwan in his honor. The greatest of Japanese playwrights, Tikamatsu Mondzaemon ("Japanese Shakespeare "), wrote in 1715 a play on the plot of Coxinge's biography .
Notes
- ↑ http://global.britannica.com/biography/Zheng-Chenggong
- ↑ Immanuel CY Hsü The Rise of Modern China - 6 - USA : OUP , 2000. - P. 28. - 1136 p. - ISBN 978-0-19-512504-7
- ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica
- ↑ SNAC - 2010.
- ↑ Immanuel CY Hsü The Rise of Modern China - 6 - USA : OUP , 2000. - P. 27. - 1136 p. - ISBN 978-0-19-512504-7
- ↑ China Biographical Database
Literature
- Andrade, Tonio. Chapter 10: The Beginning of the End // How to Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century . - Columbia University Press, 2005.
- Andrade, Tonio. Lost Colony: China's The First Story of the Great Victory over the West. - Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011. - ISBN 978-0-691-14455-9 .
- Campbell, William. He is described below with his bibliography of the island . - London: Kegan Paul, 1903.
- Chang, Hsiu-Jung. The English factory in Taiwan, 1670–1685. - Taipei, Taiwan: National Taiwan University, 1995. - ISBN 9789579019873 .
- Clements, Jonathan. Coxinga and the Fall of the Ming Dynasty. - Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton, 2004. - ISBN 978-0-7509-3269-1 .
- Croizier, Ralph C. Koxinga and Chinese Nationalism History, Myth, and the Hero. - Harvard University Press, 1977. - ISBN 978-0-674-50566-7 .
- Davidson, James W. Chapter IV: The Kingdom of Koxinga: 1662–1683 // The Island of Formosa, Past and Present: history, people, resources, and commercial trends: tea, camphor, sugar, gold, coal, sulphur, economical plants, and other productions. - London and New York: Macmillan, 1903.
- Keene, Donald. The Battles of Coxinga: Chikamatsu's Puppet Play, Its Background and Importance. - Taylor's Foreign Press, 1950.
- Meij, Philip. Daghregister van Philip Meij Dutch National Archive, VOC 1238: 848-914.
- Paske-Smith, M. Western Barbarians in Japan and the Formosa in Tokugawa Days, 1603–1868 . New York: Paragon Book Reprint Corp., 1968.
- Interpreting Zheng Chenggong: The Politics of Dramatizing a Historical Figure in Japan, China, and Taiwan (1700–1963): [] . - VDM Verlag Dr. Müller , 2008. - ISBN 978-3-639-09266-0 .
- Struve, Lynn A. The Southern Ming 1644–1662. - New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984. - ISBN 978-0-300-03057-0 .
- Struve, Lynn A. Voices from the Ming-Qing Cataclysm: China in Tiger's Jaws . - New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993. - ISBN 978-0-300-07553-3 .
- Tsai, Shih-shan Henry. Chapter 2: Taiwan's Seventeenth-Century Rulers: The Dutch, The Spaniards, and Koxinga // Maritime Taiwan: Historical Encounters with the East and the West. - ME Sharpe, 2009. - P. 19–45. - ISBN 978-0-7656-2328-7 .
- The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty 1368–1644. - Cambridge University Press, 1988. - ISBN 978-0-521-24332-2 .
- Wills, John E. Jr. Pepper, Guns, and Parleys: The Dutch East India Company and China, 1622–1681. - Harvard University Press, 1974.