White fir [1] [2] , or Fir combed [2] , or White European fir [2] , or European fir [1] [3] ( lat. Ábies álba ) - tree ; species of the genus Fir family Pine ( Pinaceae ).
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Abies alba Mill. , 1768 | |||||||||||||||||||
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Synonyms
- Abies abies Rusby nom. inval.
- Abies argentea chambray
- Abies baldensis ( Zuccagni ) Zucc. ex nyman
- Abies candicans Fisch. ex endl.
- Abies chlorocarpa Purk. ex nyman
- Abies duplex Hormuz. ex Beissn.
- Abies excelsa Link nom. illeg.
- Abies metensis gordon
- Abies miniata knight ex gordon
- Abies minor Gilib.
- Abies nobilis A. Dietr.
- Abies pardei gaussen
- Abies pectinata ( Lam. ) Lam. & DC. nom. illeg.
- Abies picea ( L. ) Lindl. nom. illeg.
- Abies rinzii K.Koch
- Abies taxifolia duhamel
- Abies taxifolia Desf.
- Abies taxifolia Raf.
- Abies tenuirifolia Beissn.
- Abies vulgaris Poir.
- Peuce abies Rich.
- Picea excelsa wender. nom. illeg.
- Picea kukunaria Wender.
- Picea metensis gordon
- Picea pectinata ( Lam. ) Loudon
- Picea pyramidalis gordon
- Picea rinzi gordon
- Picea tenuifolia Beissn.
- Pinus abies Du Roi nom. illeg.
- Pinus baldensis zuccagni
- Pinus heterophylla K.Koch
- Pinus lucida Salisb.
- Pinus nobilis Douglas ex D.Don
- Pinus pectinata Lam.
- Pinus picea L.
Distribution
Distributed in the Carpathians , Central and Southern Europe .
Widely cultivated everywhere as an ornamental park plant.
Description
Evergreen tree up to 30-65 m tall, with a trunk with a diameter of up to 2 meters.
Crohn acute-pyramidal in youth, oval-pointed in middle age and blunt above, nest-shaped, in old age.
The bark is smooth, silver gray.
Lateral branches horizontally open or slightly raised up.
Needles 2-3 cm long, 2-3 mm wide, located on branches in the same plane, comb. At the ends, blunt or with a weak notch. On top is dark green, shiny, below two white stripes of stomata.
The plant is monoecious, dioecious.
Young fruit cones are green, mature - dark brown, oval - cylindrical in shape, 10-16 cm long, 3-4 cm in diameter. Unlike spruce trees, they are directed not up, but up. Cones ripen and crumble in the first fall.
Seeds are large, up to 1 cm long.
The root system is deep, there is a rod root and several strong lateral ones [2] .
It survives up to 300-400 years.
In Culture
For successful growth, white fir requires fertile, fairly moist soils. Waterlogging does not tolerate. It does not tolerate dry air and soil. It freezes at lower temperatures below −25 ° C.
Shade-tolerant, sensitive to air pollution by smoke and gases.
In decorative terms, it is inferior to Caucasian fir and Siberian fir , as it has a looser trench and a trunk that is rather bare from below.
Areas of use: the south of the Baltic states , the west of Ukraine , the south-west of Belarus . In the conditions of Moscow and St. Petersburg it regularly freezes [2] .
As a stock, it is used for propagation of decorative varieties of various types of firs, which in the conditions of central Russia often leads to freezing of the stock.
Application
Essential fir oil (used for medical purposes), as well as ascorbic acid, are also present in the bark and the “paw” (encircled branches) [4] .
General form | Needles | Two white stripes on the needles | Cones and Seeds |
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Krylov G.V., Maradudin I.I., Mikheev N.I., Kozakova N.F. Fir . - Agropromizdat. - M. , 1986. - 239 p.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Kolesnikov A. I. Decorative dendrology. - 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Lesn. industry, 1974.- 704 s.
- ↑ Shostakovsky S. A. Systematics of higher plants (1971) in Google Books
- ↑ Gubanov I.A. et al. Wild useful plants of the USSR / ed. ed. T.A. Rabotnov . - M .: Thought , 1976 .-- S. 35 .-- 360 s. - ( Reference guides to the geographer and traveler ).