Kindergarten

As a type of pedagogical institution, the first kindergarten was organized at the beginning of the 19th century in New Lanark ( Scotland ) by the Utopian socialist R. Owen - the so-called "school for small children" ^{[1] [2]} .

The name itself - "Kindergarten" ( German Kindergarten ) came from Germany and was coined in 1837 by educator Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel . He also created an institution for the games and activities of young children in the city of Bad Blankenburg. Although this institution existed for only about two years. He coined the name “Kindergarten” for reasons that children are the flowers of life, requiring skillful and thorough care, and gardeners should grow them.

In Russia, the first kindergartens were opened in the 60s. XIX century. They were private and expensive, so they were inaccessible to ordinary people. It was first mentioned about kindergartens in 1859 (the city of Helsingfors, now the capital of Finland, Helsinki). In Moscow, the first kindergarten was opened only in 1866 at the boarding house of the girls Gercke.

The first paid kindergarten was opened in Helsingfors in 1859 by Sedmigradsky, the second in St. Petersburg in 1863 by the wife of a professor at St. Petersburg University S. A. Lügebil, the third in Helsingfors in 1863, the fourth in St. Petersburg in 1863 as the editor of the journal "Kindergarten" A. S. Simonovich .

In the period from 1866 to 1870, several paid kindergartens were opened by private individuals in Irkutsk, Voronezh, Moscow, Smolensk, Tbilisi, St. Petersburg. In 1868-1869, four paid kindergartens belonging to Mamontova, Levenstern, Solovieva and Rimsky-Korsakova were opened in Moscow. In 1893 in Moscow there were 7 paid private kindergartens for children of both sexes (35 girls and 21 boys). All of them were at educational institutions and were preparatory schools for young children.

Children from 3 to 8 years old were admitted to these kindergartens. There, teachers worked with them, children played outdoor games. In addition, Simonovich began to publish the magazine "Kindergarten", which talked about pre-school education.

The first free kindergarten was opened in Russia in 1866. It was a charitable institution under the “Society of Cheap Apartments for Children of St. Petersburg Workers”.

There was a sewing workshop for sewing children's clothes, a kitchen, a laundry, a school for children. Older children were taught scripture, prayers, various handicrafts, such as weaving, drawing, carving, and much more. But due to lack of livelihoods, the free kindergarten was soon closed.

The system of preschool educational institutions was actively developing, and after three decades several dozens of kindergartens appeared in Russia: paid and free, for noblemen and intelligentsia, workers, as well as shelters for orphans.

At this time, educational courses for educators began to be organized, lectures and “trainings” were held, and relevant literature was published.

On November 20, 1917, the official Declaration on Preschool Education was adopted. This document guaranteed free education and upbringing of preschool children.

The first pedagogical faculty with a preschool department was opened in 1918 at Moscow State University. The first "Kindergarten Work Program" was published in 1934, and in 1938 the "Charter of the kindergarten" was published, which defined the tasks of the work, the structure and features of the functioning of preschool institutions, and the "Guide for kindergarten teachers" containing methodological instructions for the sections of work with kids.

In 1920-1930, the term "children's hearth" or simply "hearth" was used in the USSR. According to the definition given in the TSB of the 1st edition, the outbreak is a kindergarten with an extended working day ^[3] . The need to lengthen the time children were in the garden was caused by the maximum involvement of women mothers in socialist construction and their participation in public life.

By the middle of the 20th century, more than two million children had already attended kindergartens. In the post-war period, the first nurseries appeared in the USSR where parents could leave their babies starting from two months. In the early 60s, a single document was developed for all institutions of preschool education, defining their work program.

At some kindergartens in the USSR there were suburban dachas where children were periodically taken out.

At the beginning of the XXI century, in Russia there are more than 45 thousand preschool institutions. The modern system of preschool education consists of nurseries, kindergartens, groups of short-term stay of children, centers of preschool education.

• A kindergarten of a general developing type with a priority, for example, physical, intellectual, artistic and aesthetic education.
• Child Development Center - kindergarten.
• Kindergarten with nursery groups.
• Kindergarten combined type. There are most of them. In addition to regular groups, there are groups for children with some form of developmental disabilities. As a rule, these are speech therapy groups (speech correction).
• Compensating school kindergarten - specialized and sanatorium. In such kindergartens, some chronic diseases are corrected. In specialized kindergartens, unlike sanatorium ones, children with chronic diseases can go to the same groups as healthy children. Compensating and combined kindergartens attract more diverse specialists, mainly doctors ^[4] .

Depending on the type of kindergarten, the curriculum will vary, the number of children in the group, the quality of food and toys, and even, in many ways, the psychological atmosphere.

For preschool children, the game is of particular importance, since the game for them is study , work , the way to know the world around us, and the form of education ^[5] .

According to American and European studies, cortisol levels increase in children in kindergarten ^[6] .

The psychology of attachment believes that up to five years the child is not able to adequately survive separation from parents for the whole day. Therefore, if kindergarten is inevitable, then you need to try to mitigate your stay there in a number of ways ^[7] .

Pupils of kindergartens note a high level of bullying, psychological and physical violence in kindergartens. ^{[8] [9]}

• In order to place a child in a kindergarten in Turkmenistan , parents are required to fill out a special form, indicating the details about him. In the questionnaire, it is necessary to indicate, in addition to passport data and registration, information about the place of work or study of the parents, their criminal record or their absence ^[10] .

• Preschool institution
• School
• Preschool education in Russia
• Marbo, Jean Firmin
• Day of Preschool Education Workers (Russia)

• Kindergarten // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Nurseries // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• R. Prushitskaya. Article "Children's hearth" // BIG SOVIET ENCYCLOPEDIA / O. Yu. Schmidt (editor-in-chief). - 1st ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, OGIZ of the RSFSR, 1931. - T. 21 ("Daily - Jute"). - Stb. 627-628 - 61,000 copies.

• Preschool Pedagogy / Edited by V. I. Yadeshko and F. A. Sokhin. - M .: Education , 1978.
• Asia History of the kindergarten // Children in Islam, 01.20.2010.
• Severyukhin D. Ya. History of kindergartens in Russia // City for kids.
• Simonovich A. On the history of kindergarten // Preschool education.

• How to choose a kindergarten , the magazine "Mother and Baby", No. 05, 2004 ( Mother and Baby )
• How to get to kindergarten
• Catalog of kindergartens in Russia
• Service exchange places and tickets to kindergartens in Russia
• Private kindergartens on the city map
• What legal norms regulate the nutrition process of minors in kindergartens?
• Adaptation of the child in kindergarten
• Educational project for kindergarten workers
• How to accustom a child to a kindergarten without injury? // Olga Pisarik Attachment - A Vital Link, p. 62