Yaroslavsky, Emelyan Mikhailovich

Born in a family of exiled settlers . Jew. He received a lower education and at the age of 9 he entered as a student in a bookbinding workshop and worked there for three years. In 1892 he graduated from the city 3-class school in Chita. At the end, he passed the external exam for four classes of the gymnasium, and did not study anywhere else.

Party nicknames: Emelyan, Emelyan Emelyanovich, Emelyan Ivanovich, Emelyanov, Ilyan, Verin, Klavdin, Panin, Lapin, Krasilnikov, Marianna, Sibiryak, Socialist, Chitinets.

In 1898 he joined the RSDLP , organized a social democratic circle on the Trans-Baikal Railway . In 1901 - abroad, Iskra correspondent.

In 1902 - member of the Chita Committee of the RSDLP.

In 1903, illegally , a member of the Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP. He became one of the leaders of the combat center of the RSDLP . The combat center created well-armed formations that were engaged in the so-called expropriations - robberies of banks and private individuals, the funds from which were directed, including for party needs.

The organizer of the textile workers ’strike in Yaroslavl (hence the pseudonym Yaroslavsky ).

Yaroslavsky was a member of the Revolution of 1905-1907 . The bride of Yaroslavsky, also a revolutionary, Olga Mikhailovna Genkina (1882-1905), was killed by the Black Hundreds while trying to transport a batch of weapons for the revolutionaries ^[1] . Yaroslavsky also led party work in Yekaterinoslav and St. Petersburg (editor of the newspaper " Barracks "); participated in the 1st conference of military and combat organizations of the RSDLP in Tammerfors , was a member of the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP and the military organization of the Bolsheviks, a delegate to the 4th and 5th congresses of the RSDLP ^[2] .

In 1907, he was arrested and sent to penal servitude (he served in the Mountain Zerentui , Nerchinsk penal servitude ), then he lived in a settlement in Eastern Siberia .

In 1915-1917 he headed the Yakut Museum of Local Lore .

After the February Revolution of 1917 he became a member of the Yakutsk Committee of Public Security, then in May he headed the Yakutsk State Department . Since July 1917 he worked in the Moscow Military Organization of the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP (b).

The delegate of the 6th Congress of the RSDLP (b).

During the days of the October Revolution, Yaroslavsky - a member of the Moscow Party Center for the Guidance of Armed Uprising, a member of the Military Revolutionary Committee , the first commissar of the Kremlin , fled the Kremlin during the uprising of the cadets .

Yaroslavsky was one of the editors of the Moscow newspapers Social Democrat and Derevenskaya Pravda . In 1918, he joined the group of "Left Communists" on the issue of the Brest Peace .

In 1918-1919, Yaroslavsky was authorized by the Central Committee of the RCP (B.) To conduct mobilization in the Red Army , commissar of the Moscow Military District ^[3] .

In 1919-1921, he was a candidate member of the Central Committee of the CPSU (B.).

In 1919-1922 - Secretary of the Perm Provincial Committee , member of the Siberian Regional Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (B.) . In the years 1921-1923 - a member of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). In 1921 - Secretary of the Central Committee and member of the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (B.) . In 1921, he was the state prosecutor in the Roman Ungern trial. One of the initiators of the creation of the magazine " Siberian Lights ".

Yaroslavsky was the head of the Society of Former Political Prisoners, and since 1931 - Chairman of the All-Union Society of Old Bolsheviks and the Society of Former Political Prisoners and Exiled Settlers (1929-1935). He was a member of the editorial board of Pravda , the Bolshevik and the Marxist Historian magazines, the Bezbozhnik newspaper, and the editor of the Historical Journal ^[2] .

In 1923-1934 - member of the Central Control Commission (in 1923-1934 a member of the Presidium, in 1923-1926 a member of the Secretariat, in 1924-1934 Secretary of the Party Collegium of the Central Control Commission). Candidate member of the Executive Committee of the Comintern (1928).

In 1934-1939 - member of the Party Control Commission under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks .

From 1939 until his death - a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b).

Since January 28, 1939 - academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences in specialization: history. He headed the history department of the CPSU (b) at the Higher Party School of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) and the lecture group of the Central Committee.

Yaroslavsky was a member of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR , a deputy of the Supreme Council of the USSR ^[2] .

Since the early 1930s, Yaroslavsky was an active supporter of Stalin .

At the XVII Congress of the CPSU (B.), He declared: "Comrade Stalin was the most vigilant, most far-sighted, most steadily led the party along the correct, Leninist path."

In 1939 he wrote the book "On Comrade Stalin." Yaroslavsky called one of the chapters of the book “The Leader of the Nations.” Its main idea is: “Coming from Lenin, beginning in the late 1890s, and always with Lenin, always along the same road, never turning off this path, goes Stalin ...” ^[4] . In this panegyric book, Yaroslavsky several times emphasizes “Stalin’s ruthlessness towards enemies” ^[5] .

He was the author of a large number of other publications on the history of the Communist Party and the revolution.

During the Great Patriotic War, articles and speeches by Yaroslavsky called on the soldiers of the Red Army and all Soviet people to steadfastness and courage, the complete defeat of the enemy. S. L. Firsov notes that Yaroslavsky “was compelled by Stalin’s will in the first months of the war to write an article“ Why Religious People Are Against Hitler, ”whose tonality was radically different from the tonality of all his anti-religious articles written before” ^[6] .

He died on December 4, 1943 in Moscow from stomach cancer ^[7] . After death was cremated, the ashes were placed in an urn in the Kremlin wall on Red Square . In 1953, during the case of doctors , some doctors were charged with criminal negligence, which was expressed in the "belated diagnosis" of gastric cancer in Yaroslavsky ^[7] .

Atheist

N. S. Khrushchev recalled that in the CPSU (b) Yaroslavsky was called the “Soviet priest,” since in the 1920s and 1930s he was the party’s main authority on the “church issue”, was one of the main initiators and leaders of the Soviet anti-religious policy guides.

Since 1925, Yaroslavsky - Chairman of the Central Council of the Union of Militant Atheists (1925-1943). In 1923, his book On Religion was published.

Yaroslavsky owns the maxim that has become famous in the USSR: "The struggle against religion is the struggle for socialism." He was the editor of the magazines “ Atheist ,” “ Atheist Crocodile ,” “ Atheist at the Machine, ” and under his leadership many anti-religious brochures, posters, and postcards were published.

The magazine “Atheist” published articles by Bolshevik leaders that provided guidance for the activities of local party and Soviet structures, such as “... the eviction of gods from churches and transfer to cellars, malicious ones to concentration camps” (from an article by Nikolai Bukharin ).

In the late 1920s, Yaroslavsky advocated a ban on the performance of church music , including Pyotr Tchaikovsky , Sergei Rachmaninov , Mozart , Bach , Handel and other composers. “At the moment,” wrote Yaroslavsky, “church music, even if in its best works, has an actual-reactionary significance” ^[8] .

... one of the shelters, one of the covers for a peasant who does not want to be on a collective farm ... remains a religious organization with a gigantic apparatus, one and a half million assets of priests, rabbis, mullahs, evangelists, preachers of all kinds, monks and nuns, shamans and sorcerers , etc. This asset consists of the whole terry counter-revolution, which has not yet reached the Solovki , still lurking in the folds of the huge body of the USSR, parasitizing on this body ^[9] .

In particular, Yaroslavsky said: "Religion where there is no knowledge, religion is against science."

The elder brother of M. I. Gubelman ^[7] .

• Wife - Kirsanova, Klavdiya Ivanovna (1888-1947), professional revolutionary, member of the RSDLP since 1904. She was an assistant to Ya. M. Sverdlov in Perm in 1906 ^[10] .
  • Daughter - Yaroslavl (Gubelman) Marianna (1915-2003) - sculptor. She was the wife of cameraman Roman Carmen (1906-1978), then the wife of the plenipotentiary of the USSR in Spain, Marcel Rosenberg (1896-1938) ^{[11] [12]} .
    • Grandson - Roman Carmen (1933-2013), director, cameraman.
  • Son - Yaroslavsky Vladimir Emelyanovich (10/05/1922-1947), a fighter pilot, a participant in the Great Patriotic War .
  • Son - Yaroslavsky Frunze Emelyanovich (1924-1983), a fighter pilot, a participant in the Great Patriotic War. Major General Aviation.
    • Grandson - Yaroslavsky Alexander Frunzevich (1949-1979), war correspondent ^[13] .

From 1927 to 1938, L. A. Karastoyanova , a well-known journalist and participant in the Great Patriotic War, was brought up in the Yaroslavsky family.

• Order of Lenin (1938).
• Stalin Prize of the first degree (1943) for the collective scientific work “History of the Civil War”, Volume 2 (1942). Together with other laureates (only 15 people) in March 1943 he donated 400,000 rubles to the Defense Fund for the construction of the tank column “For Advanced Science”.

Streets in a number of cities were named after Yaroslavsky. For example, in Yaroslavl, in 1944-1993, Bolshaya Fedorovskaya Street was on which stands the Church of St. Nicholas Pensky (before the " perestroika " - the only one operating in the old part of the city), which served as the cathedral of the Yaroslavl diocese . Nowadays, a dead end is named after Emelyan Yaroslavsky in Yaroslavl ^[14] .

• In the city of Leninsk-Kuznetsk, the name of Yaroslavsky is one of the city's cultural palaces.
• In Chelyabinsk, the name in the historical center of the city is named after Yaroslavsky.
• In Yakutsk, his name is the Yakutsk State United Museum of the History and Culture of the Peoples of the North.
• In Chita, as well as in Novosibirsk , Irkutsk , Nerchinsk , Yakutsk , Saransk , Perm and Tula, streets are named after Yaroslavsky. Yaroslavsky Street is in the Pashkovsky microdistrict of Krasnodar - the quarter of the street on which the Ascension Church is located is called "Church Street".
• The village of Yaroslavsky in the Khorolsky district of the Primorsky Territory.
• The motor ship of the type "OM" operating in Yakutia ^{[15] [16]} is named after Yaroslavsky.

In 1974, the ship of the Far Eastern Shipping Company was named after Yaroslavsky.

Yaroslavsky (Gubelman) and his work “How Gods Are Born, Live and Die” is mentioned in the series “ National Security Agent ” (season 3, film 1 - “Enchanted city”)

• Abramov A. At the Kremlin wall. - M., 1978.P. 253—255.
• Agalakov V.T. Yaroslavsky in Siberia. - [Irkutsk], 1964.
• Voskoboinikov V.M. Comrade Emelian. - L .: Children's literature, 1979.
• Grigoryev B.G., Kutiev V.F. Fighter and chronicler of the revolution. - M., 1960.
• Lenin V.I. Sobr. Op., 5th ed., Inquiry volume, part 2, p. 490.
• Mints I. I. About Emelyan Yaroslavsky. - M., 1988.
• About Emelyan Yaroslavsky. Memoirs, essays, articles. - M .: Politizdat, 1988.
• Ruban V. A. Emelian Yaroslavsky in Pravda 1918-1919 - Kiev: KSU Publishing House, 1959.
• Saveliev S. N. Emelian Yaroslavsky - propagandist of Marxist atheism. - L .: Publishing house of Leningrad State University, 1976.
• Torchinov V.A., Leontyuk A.M.Around Stalin. Historical and biographical reference book. - St. Petersburg, 2000.
• Fateev P.S.E. M. Yaroslavsky. (Party publicists). - M.: Thought, 1980.
• Firsov S. L. Was there a godless five-year plan? // " Nezavisimaya Gazeta " - Religions. - 10.30.2002. Archived June 25, 2014.

• Yaroslavsky, Emelian Mikhailovich at the Rodovod . Tree of ancestors and descendants
• Speech by Comrade Yaroslavsky at the XVII Congress of the CPSU (B.). (The meeting of February 1, 1934, evening)
• Biography on hronos.km.ru
• Profile of Emelyan Mikhailovich Yaroslavsky on the official website of the RAS
• List of works on the local history of Yakutia