Pyrite (village)

The village Kolchedan of the Kamensky urban district of the municipality is located 19 kilometers (on a highway 20 kilometers) east-southeast of the town of Kamensk-Ural , on the left bank of the Iset river, at the confluence of a small Kolchedanka river into the Iset river ( Tobol tributary) ^{[ 2]} . The village is located near the border of the Sverdlovsk and Kurgan regions. 1.5 km south of the village, there is a developed deposit of bauxite - Sokolovskoye (after the name of the nearest village). Over time , a deep reservoir, which is now called Lake Hassan , was formed at the site of the pit .

The name of the village was in honor of the respective families of minerals " Pyrite " (pyrite or pyrite FeS ₂ ), which were mined 200-300 years ago in the vicinity of the Pyrexia River for sulfur production.

The Kolchedansky Ostrog was founded by the Cossack chieftain Beloshekinin ( Isetsky Kazak ) in 1650 ^[4] as one of the advanced outposts for protection against Bashkir attacks. The reason for the constant attacks on the Kolchedan settlement was due to the fact that the Cossacks, during the rapid expansion of Russia to the East, rejected these territories from the local Bashkir population. Along with the Kataysky, Shadrinsky, Aramilsky, Beloyarsky, Bagaryatsky and others, the Kolchedansky ostrog entered the supporting Iset Line of outposts covering the Iset province . Subsequently, the jail was renamed to Pypped settlement , then to the village Kledchan (Kledchedanskoye) ^[4] . The first settlers were runaway peasants from the center of Russia, as well as free people from the Volga, the Don and the Dnieper.

The fact that the construction of the fortress was an urgent need at the time, shows a number of events. In the summer of 1709 (during the Bashkir uprising in 1704–1711 ), the Squad was plundered and burned by the detachments of Khan Alderby Isakov ( head. Aldar Iskeev ). In 1736, the Bashkir detachments of Popeni and Maider again burned the Pyrites (during the Bashkir uprising of 1735-1740 ), and many pyrites were captured and sold in Bukhara in bondage ^[5] . The Bashkir uprisings of the 16th — 17th centuries were provoked by the inconsistent and contradictory national, religious (violent Christianization of the Bashkirs) and economic (inflated taxes) policies of the royal authorities regarding the Bashkir population.

The Russian traveler and natural scientist, Academician I. I. Lepyokhin, wrote in 1770 about the Kolchedanskaya Sloboda ^[6] : “Both the name of the river and the settlement are very similar to the case itself: shows ... ". The scientist wrote ^[6] about the Slated Trinity itself: "The Pyotron settlement is reinforced by a wooden log house with two turrets and a gate ...". Lepyokhin visited the Borovaya mountain, where the emery stone was mined, carefully inspected the mining: "The peasants mined the stone of millstone and, after separating it, sold it to devious inhabitants, from which they have their food." He was struck by the very difficult working conditions of the stone-cutters , their tolerance: “Such unfortunate people often don’t know their houses for a year, and the poor women, sowing loaves and squeezing, take them to the bazaar” ^[5] . The mine occupied an area of ​​at least 300 hectares. The stone was a millstone. Up to a dozen crushing mills, including the Nizhny Tagil inventor Ushakov, derived by D. Mamin-Sibiryak in the novel “Bread” in the form of Kolobok, operated in and near him. The information of I. I. Lepyokhina on the Kolchedanskaya Sloboda was also included in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary ^[7] and the Great Soviet Encyclopedia .

The inhabitants of Kvedchan often openly and firmly opposed the royal and local authorities, who tried to enslave the peasants as strongly as possible. In 1703, many Pyotrists fled from the raid of A. Demidov , who tried to force them to carry out factory duties ^[8] . In 1722, they indignantly and with clubs began to oppose their registry of the Kamensky plant ^[9] . The pycritians were in the center of the uprising of 1759–1763 against their addition to the Sysertsky plants of A. Turchaninov ^[8] , then in 1774 in the peasant war under the leadership of E. I. Pugachev and in the “ potato revolt ” of 1842–1843 the freedom of the inhabitants of the Kolchedan, The villages of Sokolov and Bournina expressed themselves in the widely known execution of priests and clerks ^[10] , which they committed during the so-called “potato riot”. Pyrrhiza forced the priests to bathe in the Iset River and juggled them under water between two ice holes near the village of Vodolazovo , demanding to give them, allegedly intentionally hidden from them by the local authorities, a royal decree confirming the freedom of the Urals peasants. At that time, the peasants perceived the state imposition of potato plantations as a precursor to the aristocratic enslavement . In reality, such a royal decree did not exist, and the unrest of the Kolchedan peasants was due to rumors on the basis of the vague information policy of the tsarist government during the lean years of 1842 and 1843 ^[11] and the memory of their centuries-old slavery ^[12] . For more than 100 years, the Pyrrhadzarians rebelled and died to defend their right to be free tillers of the soil ^[13] .

Traveler and photographer Sergei Prokudin-Gorsky in 1910, wrote in the reports: “The Quilted village is 19 versts from the Kamensky plant . The village is large and rich; it is known for the production of millstones for flour-grinding mills, pyritic sulfur deposits, hard coal, amber and selenite deposits. From the sights of the village, we note: 1) the temple is very good architecture, large, stone; 2) a monument to Emperor Alexander III , located behind the village in the old cemetery. It is a stone truncated pyramid, the top of which is surmounted by the Imperial crown , resting on four stone tables; 3) the convent is female. ”

The history of the monastic community in the village begins in 1850 ^[14] . In 1877, the construction of a stone church was completed in the Pyrites community. The nuns were engaged in weaving, binding books, icon painting, gold embroidery and seamstress craft. According to the recollections of the old-timers of Kledchan, the monastery had a herd of horses. And beyond the monastery wall, the gardens smelt fragrant with apple scent, where secretly climbed to eat the pyritic children.

In 1916, the village belonged to the Kolchedan volost. In 1928, Kolchedan was part of the Kolchedansky Village Soviet of the Kamensky District of the Shadrinsk District of the Ural Region . ^[15] In 1932–1940, the village of Kolchedan was the center of a very successful expedition of the famous Ural geologist N. A. Karzhavin ^{[16] [17] [18]} to search for bauxite deposits . During World War II, the deposit provided 50–70% aluminum production for Soviet military aircraft ^[19] on the basis of the Ural Aluminum Plant in the neighboring city of Kamensk-Ural .

After the Great Patriotic War, a large reinforced concrete plant was built in Calchedan. Beginning in 1932, the Pyotrans machine and tractor station existed in the village. On its base in 1958, the collective farm "Kolchedansky" was formed. The first director of the state farm was a worker 25 thousand rubles - Handurin Nikolai Efimovich (1903-1978).

Sretenskaya Church

In 1825, a stone, three-altar church was laid, the main church of which was consecrated in honor of the Meeting of the Lord in 1848, the right aisle was consecrated in the name of St. Nicholas, Archbishop of Myraliy in 1879, the left aisle in the name of the apostles Peter and Paul in 1882 . The church was closed in the 1930s, and after it was demolished ^[2] .

Pokrovsky Convent

The monastery was founded by a peasant Tatiana Titova in 1850. In 1877, a stone, three-altar church was built, which was consecrated in honor of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos on December 18, 1877, the right aisle was consecrated in the name of the Apostle John the Divine on October 2, 1893, the left aisle was consecrated in the name of rights. Simeon Verkhoturye November 23, 1895. The monastery was closed in the 1920s, and the church was demolished ^[2] .

Sretensky prayer house

In 1996, a stone, monolithic house was built, which was consecrated in honor of the Meeting of the Lord ^[2] .

In the census of 1904, the residents of Squadan were categorized separately. It is noted that out of all the inhabitants in Kvedchedan, 73 people were not engaged in farming ^[25] . Among them, 31 men and 42 females. Moreover, it is clearly stated that we are talking about raznochintsy , which were not attributed to the rural community of Kvedchan. These people lived in 15 yards ^[25] . Of the 163 koljedannyh yards, assigned to the rural community, only 2 yards were not engaged in agriculture ^[25] .

In the Soviet census of 1926, the nationality of the inhabitants was noted, 100% of the villagers were Russians. But, on the railway station. Pyrites lived 28 Russian and 8 Belarusians. A similar phenomenon was encountered at other neighboring railway stations with a variation of the nationality of the inhabitants (Ukrainians, Germans and Zyrians ). It is noted, moreover, the distance in kilometers to the benefits of civilization from the center of the village of Khedchan. So to the nearest school I stage was 0 km, to the hospital 21 km, to the medical assistant and veterinary points 0 km, to the telephone station 21 km, to telegraph 3 and to the post office 21 km.

In the village there is a rural enterprise - Kolchedansky production agricultural cooperative ^[28] , formed on the basis of the Kolchedansky state farm . Works plant for the production of reinforced concrete slabs according to the technology of " pre-stressed reinforced concrete ." The plant belongs to the Ural Trust of building materials enterprises of JSC "Uraltranstrom" ^[29] .

The first educational institution - the 3rd class parochial school was opened in the village of Kvedchan in 1845 ^[5] . A special building was built for the school on the high bank of the Iset River, next to the church, it can be seen in the picture of Prokudin-Gorsky in the background. In 1871, the parochial school was transferred to the zemstvo to be maintained and transferred from the parochial category to the male college in which 68 people were engaged ^[5] .

In 1861, a female college was opened at the Quiledan nunnery ^[5] , in which 54 girls from 7 to 15 years old were enrolled. In 1895, the initial real school opened in Kolchedan, for which in 1898 a special two-storey red-brick building was constructed. In 1924, on the basis of a closed nunnery, a children's labor commune was created. In 1929, the labor commune was renamed the children's home . In the 1930s, there was an elementary 4th grade school in Calcedan ^[5] .

In 1940, a seven-year school was opened, which was located in several buildings, but the main one was the building of the people's association. In the early 50s, a secondary school opened in the village. In 1960, a two-story brick school building was built.

Nowadays, the village educational institution “Pyoton secondary school” ^[30] works with teaching children up to grade 11 in a standard set of courses. The village is located GO Kolchedanskaya special (correctional) educational boarding school (SKOSHI) VIII type ^[31] .

The village also has a Pypped Vocational School ^[32] , training in a very wide range of specialties (drivers, tractor drivers, mechanics, auto mechanics, bricklayers, plasterers, painters, cooks and confectioners). The school teaches on the basis of basic general education (9 grades) with a term of studies of 1-3 years with obtaining secondary (complete) general education.

The Pyotra local hospital ^[33] was opened in 1943. In the 60s of the 20th century there were about 75 beds in it. It was located in a typical two-story building. There were several departments - therapeutic, surgical, children's, infectious. There were x-ray, physiotherapy, procedural and dental offices. At present, the existence of the district hospital in Caldedan is under question ^[34] .

Transport

In the center of the village passes the asphalted road P354 of interregional importance Yekaterinburg - Kurgan with buses plying on it ^[35] and minibuses. Along this route are listed in the following order: Ekaterinburg - Kamensk-Uralsky - Kolchedan - Kataysk - Dalmatovo - Shadrinsk - Kurgan . Three kilometers from Kolchedan, there is a busy double-track railway: Moscow - Yekaterinburg - Kurgan - Omsk - Vladivostok, with the eponymous railway station "Kolchedan" ^[36] .

The streets of the village

In 1897, a rural library appeared in Kvedchan ^[37] . Today, it is one of the oldest in the Urals, in 2012, the library celebrated its 115th anniversary ^[38] . Beginning in 1996, the library bears the name of I. Ya. Styazkina ^[39], who in 1909 donated 750 books to it. According to the data of 2010, the library had 1,113 readers. In the library there are leisure clubs for children “Domovyonok” ^[40] , for youth “Peers”, as well as a club for family reading “Kind Word” and a club for women “Harmony”.

In 1908−1910, the famous photographer Sergei Prokudin-Gorsky , traveling around the Urals, made a color photograph of the village. The picture shows quite well-kept houses with nickel-plated reflections of the roofs, which are located in the "triangle" between the Kvedtedka River and the Iset River Valley. On the main street there is a large religious building with two domes with different-sized spiers. Near it was located another church , apparently belonging to a convent located in Kvedhedan on the site of the former fortress. In Soviet times, these facilities, except for some, were completely removed. One of the two-story buildings was used in Soviet times as a school for grades 1–4. In Soviet times , a boarding school for orphans was located on the former territory of the monastery. In 1914, a representative one-story red brick palace was erected in front of the monastic buildings. In Soviet times, was used as a cultural center and a cinema with 200 seats.

In the book ^{[41] by} geologist Evgeny Barbot de Marni , it was stated that in the vicinity of the village on the left bank of the Iset, the only amber deposit in the Urals was found.

Monuments

In the village there is a monument dedicated to the soldiers of the Red Army during the Civil War of 1918−1921. Dmitry Lipin, Stepan Morozov, Nikolai Permyakov and three unknown Red Army men ^[5] who died near the village in July 1918 were buried in a mass grave The Siberian Army , which was then developing an offensive against Yekaterinburg.

In the park complex in the center of the village there is a monument (with eternal fire ) with carved names of fellow villagers who heroically died during the Great Patriotic War in 1941-1945.

• Rundqvist N. A., Zadorina O. V. Sverdlovsk Region. Illustrated Local Lore encyclopedia . - Ekaterinburg: Kvist, 2009. - 456 p. - 5000 copies - ISBN 978-5-85383-392-0 .
• Gladkovsky A. K., Sharov A. K. Bauxites of the Urals. - Moscow: Gosgeolizdat, 1951. - 247 p.