Hawkins heavy cruisers are a type of heavy cruisers of the Royal Navy of Great Britain . In military historical literature, transcription of Hawkins is also found. In total, 5 units were built for the British fleet: Hawkins, Frobisher , Effingham , Raleigh , Cavendish . The predecessors of the “heavy cruiser” subclass, in accordance with the terms of the Washington Sea Agreement of 1922, were adopted as reference samples that determined, for the “heavy cruiser” subclass, the maximum standard displacement of 10,000 tons and the largest caliber of artillery weapons of 203 mm . In this regard, cruisers of the Hawkins type at the interstate level received the name: Washington cruisers [2]
| Hawkins heavy cruisers | |
|---|---|
| Hawkins-class heavy cruisers | |
 Heavy cruiser Hawkins | |
| Project | |
| A country |
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| Operators |
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| Main characteristics | |
| Displacement | normal - 9800 t , full - 12 190 t |
| Length | 172.2 / 184.4 m |
| Width | 17.7 m |
| Draft | 6.3 m |
| Reservation | Belt - 76 mm; traverses - 25 mm; deck - 37 mm; cellars - 25 mm; shields of guns GK - 51 mm |
| Engines | 4 TZA Parsons or Brown Curtis |
| Power | 60,000 to 65,000 liters from. |
| Speed | 29.5-30.5 knots |
| Sailing range | 5,400 nautical miles at 14 knots |
| Crew | 690 people |
| Armament | |
| Artillery | 7 × 1 - 190 mm / 50, 6 × 1 - 102 mm / 45 |
| Flak | 4 × 1 - 76 mm / 45, 4 × 1 - 40 mm / 40 |
| Mine torpedo armament | Four single-tube 533 mm torpedo tubes [1] |
Content
- 1 History of creation
- 2 Cruiser provocateur
- 3 Construction
- 4 Service
- 5 Project Evaluation
- 6 notes
- 7 References
- 8 Literature
Creation History
In 1915, the British Admiralty, fearing the German light cruisers - raiders , ordered light cruisers - "fighter raiders", with reinforced artillery weapons superior to the main caliber, the armament of any of the German light cruisers. At that time, the main caliber of the guns of the German light cruisers did not exceed the value of 150 mm. The English guns were supposed to allow manual loading and surpass the German ones in terms of firing range. In order to ensure an acceptable speed and cruising range, it was necessary to ensure a great deal of “speed” (the ratio of hull length to width), which entailed an increase in the design displacement to a record value for light cruisers. Thus, this cruiser even outstripped some of the English battlecruisers in length. But, in the conditions of the Atlantic, he could "easily" intercept any raider. However, the power of the airborne volley, with all the excellent qualities of the main artillery, was not so great - one barrel per tower ... In the case of an "ambush", the interceptor cruiser could easily get away from any German battle or light cruiser, at almost any wavelength.
Provocateur Cruiser
The construction of cruisers such as the Hawkins dragged on and was completed only after the end of the 1st World War. At the time of commissioning, these ships, on a world level, were the most advanced, but also the most expensive models in the subclass of cruisers. However, in 1922, during the Washington Conference on the Limitation of Naval Arms , when it was decided to limit the quality characteristics of ships of the first line, including battle cruisers, the unusually large caliber of the main artillery of the latest light cruisers of the Hawkins type at that time served as a pretext for disputes ... First of all, the Americans began to argue that cruisers with such a main caliber should be assigned to the class “battle cruiser” and therefore, in order to ensure parity in the military o-naval weapons, they required their disposal ... The English side indignantly proved that these cruisers are not linear ... As a result, the American side, in order not to annoy the British and not provoke the conclusion of an alliance of England with Japan to ensure spheres of influence in the Pacific Theater, diplomatically agreed with their arguments, but provided that the Hawkins-type cruisers will be adopted as a limit standard, which determines for all heavy cruisers the maximum permissible values of normal displacement and main caliber as well ... In the end, it was adopted Article XI and XII of the Treaty of Washington in 1922 , prohibiting building cruiser displacement of more than 10 thousand. tonnes (English long ton ) and larger 203 mm artillery. The number of newly built cruisers was not limited, but the total restrictions on the tonnage of the fleets of the USA , Great Britain , Japan , France and Italy were adopted. Since a moratorium was announced on the construction of battleships , the Hawkins actually triggered the start of a “ cruising fever .”
The Hawkins themselves were initially classified as light, although in the Navy, given the large displacement and the fairly large caliber of the main artillery, they were more often called simply cruisers or even heavy cruisers. And only after the London Conference of 1930 they were finally assigned to the class of heavy cruisers.
Design
Service
" Hawkins " - laid down on June 3, 1916, launched on October 1, 1917, went into operation July 23, 1919. The ship is named after Admiral John Hawkins .
" Frobisher " - laid down on August 2, 1916, launched on March 20, 1920, went into operation on September 20, 1924. Named in honor of the navigator Martin Frobisher .
Effingham - laid down on April 6, 1917, launched on June 8, 1921, went into operation July 2, 1925. Named in honor of Charles Howard, Lord Effingham .
“ Cavendish ” - laid down on June 29, 1916, launched on January 17, 1918, entered service on September 21, 1918. Named after the explorer Thomas Cavendish .
“ Relay ” - laid down on October 4, 1916, launched on September 28, 1919, went into operation April 15, 1921. Named in honor of Sir Walter Relay .
Project Evaluation
Notes
- ↑ All data is given at the time of entry into operation.
- ↑ Samoilov K.I. Marine Dictionary. -M.-L .: State Naval Publishing House of the NKVMF of the USSR, 1941
Links
Literature
- Donets A.I. Heavy cruisers of the Hawkins type. - Moscow, 2004 .-- 56 p. - (Cruisers of Britain).
- Nenakhov Yu. Yu. Encyclopedia of the Cruisers 1910-2005. - Minsk: Harvest, 2007.
- Patyanin S.V. Dashyan A.V. et al. Cruiser WWII. Hunters and defenders. - M .: Collection, Yauza, EKSMO, 2007.
- Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1922-1945. - Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1996.
- MJ Whitley. Cruisers of World War Two. An international encyclopedia. - London: Arms & Armor, 1995.
- Smithn PC, Dominy JR Cruisers in Action 1939-1945. - London: William Kimber, 1981.