Wall

Depending on the design

According to the joint venture 15.13330.2012 “Stone and stone-stone structures”, clause 9.6. Stone walls are divided into:

• Bearing - absorbing, in addition to the loads from its own weight and wind, also loads from coatings, ceilings, cranes, etc .;
• Self-supporting - perceiving the load only from the dead weight of the walls of all overlying floors of the buildings and the wind load;
• Bearing (including mounted) - perceiving the load only from its own weight and wind within one floor with a floor height of not more than 6 m; at a higher floor height, these walls are self-supporting;
• Partitions - internal walls that absorb loads only from their own weight and wind (with open window openings) within one floor with a height of not more than 6 m; at a higher floor height, walls of this type are conditionally classified as self-supporting.

In buildings with self-supporting and non-bearing external walls, loads from coatings, ceilings, etc. are transferred to the frame or transverse structures of buildings.

Material

• Wooden ;
• Brick ( ceramic , silicate, etc. types);
• Concrete - from small and large-sized blocks ( concrete , expanded clay concrete , foam concrete , wood concrete , aerated concrete , slag concrete );
• Reinforced concrete - panels (1-3 layers), monolith ;
• Sandwich panels - enclosing ( professional sheet - insulation - professional sheet).

• Aurelian's Wall
• The great Wall of China

Serve for the physical separation of the warring parties, divide cities, regions and entire countries.

• The wall has been divided since 1974 into two parts - the Greek and Turkish - the capital of Cyprus, Nicosia (see Cyprus Conflict ).
• the Indian wall dividing Kashmir stretches for 550 kilometers. The Indian side erected fences along the 740-kilometer line with Pakistan , moving fences into Pakistan by approximately 137 meters. India states that the barriers were erected solely to prevent the penetration of terrorists and the transport of weapons into the state ^[2] . Barriers consist of concentric rows of barbed wire from the ground to a height of 2.4-3.7 meters. An electric current is connected to the wire, there are motion sensors , night-vision cameras , thermal imagers , etc. Construction began in 1990 and continued, despite Pakistan's protests, until 2003. After a break in 2003, construction was resumed and was completed in 2004 ^[3] . The Indian military claims that the fence has reduced by 80% the number of militant attacks in the region ^[4] .
• A separation wall is built between North Korea and South Korea . In order to ensure security, South Korea built on its part in 1977-1979 the so-called Korean Wall along the entire border. The DPRK leadership claimed that the wall was built by the Republic of Korea with the goal of "restricting the free movement of citizens." However, representatives of South Korea insist that the function of the structure is to protect against the possibility of tank invasion by the DPRK. In support of their words, they demonstrated sections of anti-tank barriers to journalists ^[5] . The height of the wall is 5–8 meters, the width in the lower part is 10–19 m, and in the upper part it is 3–7 m. After the appearance of this wall, 122 villages, 8 counties, more than 220 large and small roads, rivers and streams, were even divided irrigation canals. As a result, it became impossible to move not only people, but even animals. The construction of this cyclopean structure required 800 thousand tons of cement , more than 200 thousand tons of reinforcement , 3.5 million m 3 of sand and gravel. The construction of the wall cost South Korea 32 billion won ^[6] .
• Greece began construction of a wall 2.5 meters long and 10 km long to protect against smugglers and illegal migrants . The construction is equipped with a double row of barbed wire , as well as surveillance cameras ^[7] .
• Spain , according to Morocco , holds part of Moroccan territory, walled the city of Ceuta in northern Africa ^{[8] [9]} . This system of border structures separating the Spanish semi-enclave of Ceuta from the Kingdom of Morocco was built in 2001 with EU funds to protect Europe from the uncontrolled influx of illegal migrants from Africa and is known as the Ceuta Wall . It is a parallel barrier structures of 3 meters high, protected by barbed wire , between which a passage for border guards is arranged. The wall is equipped with video cameras , noise and motion sensors, designed to detect attempts to cross the wall by illegal immigrants and smugglers ^[10] .
• A system of separation facilities with a length of more than 2,500 km in Western Sahara (between Morocco and SADR ), dividing territories controlled by the Moroccan government and Polisario formations. Known as the Moroccan wall . In total, six large lines and two small ones were built. The base of each ramp is a sand-stone embankment about three meters high. Along the walls are minefields , barbed wire fences , sensor systems for detecting intruders, artillery batteries, and runways . Radar masts are equipped that look outside the walls, the system is constantly patrolled ^{[11] [12]} .
• The Catholic and Protestant population of Northern Ireland is separated by a wall from each other ^[13] .
• Separation wall separating Israel from the West Bank (historical Judea and Samaria).
• The most famous of these walls was the Berlin Wall , which existed from 1961 to 1989-1990.
• Egypt in March 2014 began construction of a fence around the city of El Arish ( Sinai Peninsula ). The length of the fence will be 30 kilometers. Passages through the barrage facilities will be equipped with metal detectors and explosive detection detectors. Security fence will be equipped with CCTV cameras. The wall around El Arish is being erected “as part of the fight against terror and to maintain security in the region” ^[14] .

• Wall of Tears
• Wall of Tsoi on the Arbat

• Fence
• Palisade