Kingdom of Wurttemberg

Württemberg Duke Frederick II, contrary to the wishes of the Zemstvo officials , joined the second coalition against France and, defeated by General Moreau, entered into a special peace treaty with France on March 20, 1802, according to which, in exchange for Mümpelgard, he was able to expand his possessions almost twice - due to the Habsburg possessions in Swabia , free imperial cities and bishops, whose territory came to him during the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire (the so-called German mediatization ) (2200 km² in total, with 124 688 inhabitants). With the assistance of Napoleon, he exhausted for himself (in 1803) the title of Elector

In the Franco-Austrian war of 1805, Frederick wanted to remain neutral, but the sudden appearance of Napoleon I in Ludwigsburg forced him to conclude an alliance with France. In the Pressburg Peace of 1805, Frederick was granted the royal title, and from January 1, 1806 he arbitrarily proclaimed himself king . The territory of Württemberg was enlarged by new acquisitions, significantly expanded subsequently under the Vienna and Compiegne Agreements. For this, the kingdom was to set up a contingent of troops in the Napoleonic army .

Despite the close relationship with the Romanovs (as, indeed, with the ruling dynasties of Austria and Great Britain), King Frederick sent his troops to the Russian campaign of Napoleon . For a campaign in Russia, the kingdom put up 16,000 troops, from which only a few hundred returned. Frederick also became related by several marriages with Bonaparte .

Only after the battle of Leipzig did Frederick lag behind the alliance with Napoleon and join the allies. The fall of Napoleon made his international position precarious, unrest began in Württemberg, but in 1813 at a meeting in Fulda he convinced Metternich of the right to retain the royal title. Fearing for the restriction of his sovereign rights during the formation of the German Union , Frederick, during the meetings of the Vienna Congress, granted the people, on his own initiative, class representation (manifesto of January 15, 1815). But the Württemberg ranks demanded the restoration, violated by Frederick, when the king proclaimed the old constitution, and did not agree to put up with small concessions on his part. During these negotiations, the king died (October 30, 1816).

After the death of Frederick in 1816, his son William came to the throne. Only in 1819 did he reach an agreement with zemstvo officials and worked out, together with the latter, a constitution. He defused the situation in the country by establishing a bicameral parliament and, during his long reign (until 1864), maintained a relatively liberal political regime in his kingdom.

The parliamentary life of the country flowed quite evenly until 1848, when here too the movement in favor of various reforms became noticeable. The government tried to reassure him by granting freedom of the press and promises, partly subsequently fulfilled. The formation of the German Empire, under the leadership of Prussia, William I counteracted as much as he could. However, public opinion forced the king to recognize the imperial constitution (April 24, 1849).

The refusal of the Prussian king from the imperial crown untied the king of Württemberg. When republican fermentation spread in Germany and the skeleton of the German parliament left Frankfurt and gathered in Stuttgart , the king ordered him to be dispersed by armed force (June 18). Against the thought of a union led by Prussia, William, in a throne speech at the opening of the Sejm in 1850, spoke with such passion that Prussia interrupted diplomatic relations with Württemberg.

But the negotiations between the king and Bavaria regarding the formation of the South German Federation in the country came up against the resistance of the people's representatives. They demanded the trial of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, who signed the so-called Union Treaty of the Four Kings. The chamber was dissolved, but its other composition refused to vote a loan for military spending for the war, in alliance with Austria and Bavaria, which was planned with Prussia. However, the kingdom of Württemberg did not abandon its opposition position regarding Prussia. On the Schleswig-Holstein issue, it defended the hereditary rights of the Duke of Augustenburg.

The son of William I, Karl (reigned in 1864-1891), at first continued with his father's policy towards Prussia.

In 1866, the Austro-Prussian war broke out and Württemberg took part in it in an alliance with Austria. The Württemberg army was defeated near Tauberbischofsheim (July 24, 1866), and the Prussian occupation threatened the kingdom. The Württemberg Minister Warnbühler was forced to go to the Prussian main apartment to conclude a truce. In Prague, Württemberg pledged to pay Prussia 8 million marks of military indemnity. In addition, a secret defensive and offensive alliance was concluded between Württemberg and Prussia, according to which the Württemberg army, in the event of war, came under the supreme command of the Prussian king. Since then, the Württemberg government apparently began to lean towards a lasting alliance with Prussia, but had to fight with the stubborn resistance of the very strong party of opponents of Prussian hegemony still in the country.

When the war of 1870 began , the explosion of patriotic feelings in all German states carried away the population of Württemberg: the chamber almost unanimously voted for the necessary military loans. The Württemberg division joined the 3rd Allied Army of the Crown Prince of Prussia and participated in battles near Werth and Sedan and in the siege of Paris.

At the end of the war, a military convention was concluded between Württemberg and Prussia, and an agreement was signed defining the position of Württemberg as part of a united German empire . Of the military indemnity paid by the defeated France, Württemberg accounted for 85 176 303 marks.

After the Franco-Prussian war, the parliamentary life of the kingdom again flowed calmly, in concern for the internal prosperity of the state. In 1877 (August 9), the four hundredth anniversary of the University of Tübingen was solemnly celebrated, and the royal couple also took part in the celebration.

Around the same time, the king entrusted state administration to First Minister German von Mittnacht , who successfully developed industry and put an end to the outflow of population outside the kingdom.

After the death of Karl in 1891, he was succeeded by cousin William II . Mittnacht remained the Minister-President, having held this position since 1876. Landtag elections in February 1895 indicated a significant increase in left-wing parties. Yielding to the demands of the People’s and Social Democratic Party, which are strong in Württemberg, Mittnaht introduced one draft of the constitutional review after another, but they did not find the right majority either in one chamber or the other, encountering opposition from the left (more often) or the right. The task was to remove from the chamber of deputies the privileged members sitting either ex officio or by birth, and make it completely democratic. The ministry agreed to this, but with one way or another compensation, whether in the form of the inclusion of several persons for the appointment of the crown (1895), in the form of an expansion of the budgetary rights of the upper house, which the lower house did not go to (1897). In 1898, he conceded and introduced a draft that retained all the deputies elected by universal suffrage and by majority vote in individual constituencies, and even increased their number from 70 to 72, but instead of 23 removed privileged members introduced 21 elected by universal suffrage, but according to a proportional system. The project was greeted with joy by the left parties and went through the lower house, but was not accepted in the upper one.

At the end of 1900, Mittnacht resigned due to eye disease; Minister of War Schott von Schottenstein took his place. In December 1900, elections for the Landtag took place. They found a strong growth in Social Democracy, at the expense of the predominantly popular party.

In April 1901, Schott von Schottenstein, who appeared in court as a witness in a pandering case, was to resign; Minister of Justice Breitling took his place. At the end of 1904, Breitling introduced in the Landtag a draft radical revision of the constitution, transferring some privileged members from the lower house to the upper one, and greatly modifying the latter by including representatives elected by the chambers of commerce, craft chambers and workers' chambers. The latter were modeled on chambers of commerce.

During the November Revolution of 1918, William II abdicated. A distant relative, the Prussian field marshal Albrecht of Württemberg, was declared his heir, bypassing the morganatic branches of the dukes of Urachov (Catholic) and the princes of Tekov (Protestant).

The head of state is the King; Legislature - Württemberg Zemstvo states ( Württembergische Landstände ), consisted of the First Chamber ( Erste Kammer ), consisting of titled nobles, and the Second Chamber ( Zweite Kammer ), elected by electors on the basis of property qualification; the highest court is the High Land Court of Stuttgart ( Oberlandesgericht Stuttgart ). The executive body, the Württemberg State Ministry ( Württembergische Staatsministerium ), was appointed by the King and held accountable to him.

The territory of Württemberg was divided into 4 districts ( kreis ), districts into districts ( oberamt ), districts into communities ( gemeinde ). The representative body of the district is the district assembly ( amtsversammlung ), at the head of the district was oberamtmann ( oberamtmann ). The representative body of the community is the community council ( gemeinderat ), at the head of the community was the local headman ( ortsvorsteher ).

• District Danube ( Donaukreis ), district center - Ulm
• Jagstkreis District Center - Ellwangen
• Neckar County ( Neckarkreis ), district center - Ludwigsburg
• Black Forest district ( Schwarzwaldkreis ), district center - Reutlingen

The highest judicial authority is the Stuttgart Oberlandesgericht Stuttgart , previously the High Tribunal ( Obertribunal ) (until 1817 - the Supreme Appeal Tribunal ( Oberappellationstribunal ), in 1806 - the Court of Appeal (court of jurisdiction ) ), earlier - district courts of justice ( kreisgerichtshof ), first instance courts - amtsgericht, earlier - oberamts courts ( oberamtsgericht ):

• (Danube district)
  • Rafensburg Landgericht ( Landgericht Ravensburg )
  • Ulm Landgericht ( Landgericht Ulm )
• (Yagst district)
  • Ellwangen Landgericht ( Landgericht Ellwangen )
• (Neckar District)
  • Halbronn Landgericht ( Landgericht Heilbronn )
  • Stuttgart Landgericht ( Landgericht Stuttgart )
• (Black Forest District)
  • Rottweil Landgericht ( Landgericht Rottweil )
  • Tübingen Landgericht ( Landgericht Tübingen )

The king was led through the Minister of War and the Minister of the Interior.

• Württemberg Army
  • 4th Fusilier Regiment
  • 1st Grenadier Regiment
  • 5th Grenadier Regiment
  • 2nd Infantry Regiment
  • 3rd Infantry Regiment
  • 6th Infantry Regiment
  • 7th Infantry Regiment
  • 8th Infantry Regiment
  • 9th Infantry Regiment
  • 1st Lancers Regiment
  • 2nd Lancers Regiment
  • 1st Dragoon Regiment
  • 2nd Dragoon Regiment
  • Artillery regiment
• Württemberg police.

On February 6, 1812, the Württemberg Corps was formed, under the command of the Crown Prince of Württemberg Wilhelm Friedrich Karl (kronprinz Wilhelm). The corps consisted of command, infantry (three-brigade squad), under the command of Lieutenant General von Scheler, and the cavalry (two-brigade squad), under the command of Lieutenant General von Wölwart, divisions . The Württemberg Corps became part of the so-called “Great Army” , and was divided on March 26, 1812, the infantry division was named the 25th Infantry Division (became part of the 3rd Army Corps) of the “Great Army” (12 battalions , 30 guns, 8 200 personnel), and the cavalry division , with the division of the 3rd cavalry jaeger regiment, was named the 25th light cavalry brigade (became part of the Rhine Observation Corps ), but on June 4, 1812 the cavalry brigade was disbanded and its regiments (Württemberg lightweight regiment, Württemberg easy cavalry regiment number 1 Prince Adam and horse-Württemberg Chasseurs regiment number 4, King, only 16 squadrons ) are distributed on the 9th and 14th brigades of light cavalry, cavalry Rhine observational case (with April 1, 1812 cavalry 3 ak).

In total , 14 battalions and 16 squadrons (about 14,000-16,000 personnel) participated in the War against Russia in 1812, and only a few hundred people returned home from Russia ^[1] .

The Württemberg army took part, in alliance with the Austrian army , in the Prussian-Austrian war of 1866, about 26,000 personnel participated. The Württemberg army was defeated near Tauberbischofsheim (July 24, 1866), a secret defensive and offensive alliance was concluded between Württemberg and Prussia, according to which the Württemberg army, in case of war, came under the supreme command of the Prussian king. The Württemberg division joined the 3rd Allied Army of the Crown Prince of Prussia in the 1870 war, and participated in battles near Werth and Sedan and in the siege of Paris . From 1871 to 1919, the formations of the Württemberg army were part of the German imperial army , and were the 13th army corps (XIII corps ^[2] ) of the German Empire ^[1] or the 13th (Württemberg) army corps ( Stuttgart , Württemberg ) consisting of:

• 26th Division ( Stuttgart )
  • 51st Infantry Brigade ( Stuttgart )
    • 119th (1st Württemberg) Grenadier Regiment ( Stuttgart )
    • 125th (7th Württemberg) Infantry Regiment ( Stuttgart )
  • 52nd Infantry Brigade ( Ludwigsburg )
    • 121st (3rd Württemberg) Infantry Regiment ( Ludwigsburg )
    • 122nd (4th Württemberg) Rifle Regiment ( Heilbronn , Mergentheim )
  • 26th Cavalry Brigade ( Stuttgart )
    • 25th (1st Württemberg) Dragoon Regiment ( Ludwigsburg )
    • 26-й (2-й вюртембергский) драгунский полк ( Штутгарт-Каннштадт )
  • 26-я артиллерийская бригада ( Людвигсбург )
    • 29-й (2-й вюртембергский) артиллерийский полк ( Людвигсбург )
    • 65-й (4-й вюртембергский) артиллерийский полк ( Людвигсбург )
• 27-я дивизия ( Ульм )
  • 53-я пехотная бригада ( Ульм )
    • 123-й (5-й вюртембергский) гренадерский полк ( Ульм )
    • 124-й (6-й вюртембергский) пехотный полк ( Вайнгартен )
  • 54-я пехотная бригада ( Ульм )
    • 120-й (2-й вюртембергский) пехотный полк ( Ульм )
    • 127-й (9-й вюртембергский) пехотный полк ( Ульм , Вайблинген )
    • 180-й (10-й вюртембергский) пехотный полк ( Тюбинген , Швебиш-Гмюнд )
  • 27-я кавалерийская бригада ( Ульм )
    • 19-й (1-й вюртембергский) уланский полк ( Ульм , Виблинген )
    • 20-й (2-й вюртембергский) уланский полк ( Людвигсбург )
  • 27-я артиллерийская бригада ( Ульм )
    • 13-й (1-й вюртембергский) артиллерийский полк ( Ульм , Штутгарт-Каннштадт )
    • 49-й (3-й вюртембергский) артиллерийский полк ( Ульм )
• 13-й (Вюртембергский) инженерный батальон ( Ульм )
• 13-й (Вюртембергский) железнодорожный батальон ( Людвигсбург )
• Главное управление ландвера в Штутгарте (6 команд в составе)
• Имперская крепость Ульм, находилась почти вся на вюртембергской земле, назначение её коменданта было предоставлено Германскому императору.

Вюртембергская армия, в мирное время, состояла из 774 офицерских и 18 781 (24 000 ^[2] ) нижних чинов, при 64 орудиях, а в военное время её численность должна была достичь 69 934 человек личного состава, при 120 орудиях ^[1] .

Вюртембергский королевский ландвер:

• Батальон ландвера Кальва ( Landwehr-Bataillon Calw ) (районы Херренберг, Кальв, Нойенбург и Нагольд) (119-й (1-й Вюртембергский) пехотный полк ландвера)
• Батальон ландвера Ройтлингена ( Landwehr-Bataillon Reutlingen ) (районы Ройтлинген, Тюбинген и Ротенбург) (119-й (1-й Вюртембергский) пехотный полк ландвера)
• Батальон ландвера Рафенсбурга ( Landwehr-Bataillon Ravensburg ) (районы Ридлинген, Заульгау, Рафенсбург и Тетнанг) (120-й (2-й Вюртембергский) пехотный полк ландвера)
• Батальон ландвера Бибераха ( Landwehr-Bataillon Bieberach ) (районы Биберах, Вальдзее, Лойткирх и Вангена) (120-й (2-й Вюртембергский) пехотный полк ландвера)
• Батальон ландвера Леонберга ( Landwehr-Bataillon Leonberg ) (районы Бёблинген, Леонберг, Байинген и Маульбронн) (121-1 (3-й Вюртембергский) пехотный полк ландвера)
• Батальон ландвера Людвигсбурга ( Landwehr-Bataillon Ludwigsburg ) (районы Людвигсбург, Канштатт, Марбах и Вайблинген) (121-1 (3-й Вюртембергский) пехотный полк ландвера)
• Батальон ландвера Хайльбронна ( Landwehr-Bataillon Heilbronn ) (районы Браккенхайм, Безигхайм, Хайльбронн и Неккарсульм) (122-й (4-й Вюртембергский) пехотный полк ландвера)
• Батальон ландвера Халля ( Landwehr-Bataillon Hall ) (районы Баккнанг, Вайнсберг, Ёринген и Халль) (122-й (4-й Вюртембергский) пехотный полк ландвера)
• Батальон ландвера Мергентхайма ( Landwehr-Bataillon Mergentheim ) (районы Кюнцельзау, Герабронн, Крайльсхайм и Мергентхайм) (123-й (5-й Вюртембергский) пехотный полк ландвера)
• Батальон ландвера Элльвангена ( Landwehr-Bataillon Ellwangen ) (районы Зайльдорф, Элльванген, Аален и Нересхайм) (123-й (5-й Вюртембергский) пехотный полк ландвера)
• Батальон ландвера Гмюнда ( Landwehr-Bataillon Gmünd ) (районы Шорндорфа, Вельцхайм, Гёппинген и Гмюнд) (124-й (6-й Вюртембергский) пехотный полк ландвера)
• Батальон ландвера Ульма ( Landwehr-Bataillon Ulm ) (районы Гайслинген, Хайденхайм и Ульм) (124-й (6-й Вюртембергский) пехотный полк ландвера)
• Батальон ландвера Хорба ( Landwehr-Bataillon Horb ) (районы Хорб, Фройденштадт, Зульц и Оберндорф) (125-й (7-й Вюртембергский) пехотный полк ландвера)
• Батальон ландвера Ротвайля ( Landwehr-Bataillon Rottweil ) (районы Балинген, Ротвайль, Шпайхинген и Тутлинген) (125-й (7-й Вюртембергский) пехотный полк ландвера)
• Батальон ландвера Эхингена ( Landwehr-Bataillon Ehingen ) (районы Блаубойрен, Мюнзинген, Эхинген и Лаупхайм) (126-й (8-й Вюртембергский) пехотный полк ландвера)
• Батальон ландвера Эслингена ( Landwehr-Bataillon Eßlingen ) (районы Кирххайм, Нюртинген, Эсслинген и Урах) (126-й (8-й Вюртембергский) пехотный полк ландвера)

По состоянию на 1890 года в королевстве насчитывалось 9844 населенных пунктов, в том числе 136 городов. В более крупных городах в 1904 году было жителей:

• Неккарский округ
  • Штутгарт — 166.699
  • Гейльбронн — 37.891,
• Дунайский округ
  • Ульм — 42.982
  • Гёппинген - 19.384
• Шварцвальдский округ
  • Ройтлинген - 21.494
  • Тюбинген - 15.338
• Ягстский округ
  • Швебиш-Гмюнд - 18.699
  • Туттлинген - 13.530

По религиозному делению, в королевстве преобладало лютеранское вероисповедание. На 1 декабря 1885 года в Вюртемберге было 1 377 805 жителей лютеранского, 598 223 католического, 5986 других христианских исповеданий и 13 171 еврейского.

Денежная единица — марка (до 1871 года — Вюртембергский гульден ), разменная монета — пфенниг . Оператор железнодорожных сообщений — Королевские вюртембергские железные дороги ( Königlich Württembergische Staats-Eisenbahnen ), 6 железнодорожных линий, пропускавших каждая по 20 — 25 пар поездов в сутки, трамвай существовал в Штутгарте, Ульме, Хайльбронне и Ройтлингене, оператор почты и телефона — Вюртембергская государственная почта ( Württembergische Staatspost ).

• Ордена Вюртемберга
• 10-й драгунский Новгородский Короля Вюртембергского полк

• Вюртемберг // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Вюртемберг // Малый энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 4 т. — СПб. , 1907—1909.
• Вюртемберг // Военная энциклопедия : [в 18 т.] / под ред. V.F. Novitsky [et al.]. - SPb. ; [ M. ]: Type. t-va I. D. Sytin , 1911-1915.
• G. M. Hristiani , Military Survey of Germany, 1909.