The Kipp apparatus is a universal device for producing gases (BCP) by the action of solutions of acids and alkalis on solids.
The device was launched in the middle of the 19th century by a Dutch company founded by pharmacist Peter-Jacob Kipp [1] , who created it on the basis of the “ Döbereiner flint ” invented in 1823, the author of which is chemist Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner .
Content
Device Design
Kipp's device is made of glass and consists of several parts:
- Flask is a reactor with a tank;
- Funnel with a long tube;
- Gas pipe;
- A trap for trapping acid fumes (e.g. hydrochloric).
The reactor flask has an upper spherical part with a tubule , into which a gas outlet tube equipped with a tap or a Mora clamp is inserted, and a lower hemispherical tank. The lower tank and the reactor flask are separated by a rubber or plastic gasket with an opening through which a long funnel tube extends almost to the bottom through the lower tank.
The solution in the lower reservoir of the device serves as a shutter preventing the release of gas back through the funnel during the experiment. The lower tank usually has a tube closed with a ground glass stopper: it is necessary to drain the liquid after using the device.
Solids ( marble , zinc , aluminum , sodium sulfide, sodium sulfite ) are poured onto the gasket through the lateral tubule with a spatula . The tubulus is closed by a stopper with a gas pipe. Then, with the tap or clamp open, the reagent solution is poured into the upper funnel. When the liquid level reaches the substance on the gasket, a chemical reaction begins with the evolution of gas.
When the valve is closed, the pressure of the released gas squeezes the liquid from the reactor into the upper part of the funnel. The reaction stops. Opening the tap leads to the resumption of the reaction [2] . Thus, the Kipp apparatus relates to automatic apparatuses .
Usage
Check the tightness of all joints, the presence of cracks. A cork is inserted into the lower tubulus and fixed with a bracket or elastic. A funnel with a long tube is tightly inserted into the reactor flask. The device is tilted and a solid substance is poured through the middle tube; then the middle tube is closed with a stopper with a gas pipe, the valve on the tube is closed. Then an acid solution ( HCl ) is poured into the funnel, a trap filled with water is inserted into the funnel. When the tap is opened, the acid enters through the tube into the lower tank, and then into the reactor flask, where the reaction of interaction with the solid substance with the evolution of gas occurs, the filling time of the reactor flask with gas is about 5 minutes. Then the valve is closed, the gas released due to pressure increase in the flask-reactor displaces acid into the funnel, the reaction stops. The device is ready for operation, for this it is necessary to open the valve on the gas outlet pipe.
Reaction Examples
| Received gas | Solid reagent | Liquid reagent | Reaction equation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hydrogen | Zinc | Hydrochloric acid | Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl 2 + H 2 ↑ |
| Carbon dioxide | Limestone | Hydrochloric acid | CaCO 3 + 2HCl → CaCl 2 + H 2 O + CO 2 ↑ |
| Hydrogen sulfide | Iron (II) sulfide | Hydrochloric acid | FeS + 2HCl → FeCl 2 + H 2 S ↑ |
| Chlorine | Potassium permanganate | Hydrochloric acid | 2KMnO 4 + 16HCl → 2KCl + 2MnCl 2 + 5Cl 2 ↑ + 8H 2 O |
| Nitric oxide | Copper | Nitric acid | 3Cu + 8HNO 3 → 3Cu (NO 3 ) 2 + 2NO ↑ + 4H 2 O |
| Acetylene | Calcium carbide | Water | CaC 2 + 2H 2 O → C 2 H 2 ↑ + Ca (OH) 2 |
Notes
- ↑ Kippa apparatus // Great Soviet Encyclopedia / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1973. - T. 12. Kvarner - Kongur. - S. 148. - 629,000 copies.
- ↑ Khodakov Yu.V., Epstein D.A., Gloriosov P.A. § 29. Hydrogen production // Inorganic chemistry: Textbook for grades 7-8 of high school. - 18th ed. - M .: Education , 1987. - S. 64-66. - 240 p. - 1 630 000 copies.