Culture Tripoli-Kukuten - an archaeological community (region) of the Copper Age (Eneolithic), is known in South-Eastern Europe - Romania , Moldova and Ukraine [1] . One of the most striking cultural communities of the Eneolithic [1] . It includes the culture of Cucuteni (c. 4600–3500 BC) on the territory of Romanian Moldova and the adjacent part of Transylvania [2] and the Trypillian culture of the Eneolithic and the Early Bronze Age (mid-5th millennium BC - 2650– e years BC ) in the territory of Moldova, forest-steppe and steppes of Ukraine from the Dnieper river valley and to the west [3] . It got its name from the village of Tripoli Obukhov district of Kiev region [3] in Ukraine and the village of Cucuteni, Iasi , a Romania, where in the late XIX - early XX centuries two settlements of this culture ( Cucuteni ) were investigated [1] . Studies have been conducted since the 1870s. in the territory of Galicia . Formed by the middle of the 5th millennium BC. e. in the eastern Carpathian region and the headwaters of the Olt River (Prekukuten 1, 5050–4950 BC [4] ) based on a number of Neolithic traditions in the east of the Danube-Carpathian region . The Kukuten culture was formed on the basis of the Prekukuten culture [2] .
| Culture Tripoli-Cucuteni Eneolithic | |
|---|---|
 Reconstruction of the cultural home of Kukuten at the in Piatra Neamt | |
| Geographic region | Southeast Europe |
| Localization | Romania , Moldova , Ukraine |
| Dating | mid 5th millennium BC e. - 2650s BC e. |
 | |
The phases of the Kukuten culture are distinguished (with an internal unit): Kukuten A (A1-A4), Kukuten AB (AB1-AB2), Kukuten B (B1-B3) [2] . The phases of the Tripoli culture are distinguished (with an internal division): Tripoli A, Tripoli B, Tripoli C (C1-C2) [3] . In the period Prekukuten 2-3 (4950–4600 / 4550 BC. [4] ) - Tripoli A (mid-5th – first half of the 4th millennium BC. [3] ) spread to Transnistria , part South Strait ; local groups add up. The period of Kukuten A (4600 / 4550-4050 BC. [4] ), Kukuten AB (4050–3775 BC. [4] ), Tripoli B (middle of the 4th millennium [3] - 3000/2900 BC. [5] ) - the heyday, the range extends to the Dnieper . By the end of Kukuten A stage, serious events take place in the cultural area, as a result of which the number of monuments decreases sharply, especially in the western part of the natural area. According to James Mallory, the so-called Balkan “Dark Ages” come [6] . The period Kukuten B (3775–3500 BC. [4] ) and Tripoli C1 (3000/2900 [5] –3200/3150 BC [3] ) - the beginning of decline, the transition to the Bronze Age on climate aridization (decrease in humidity). Culture Kukuten is replaced by the culture of Gorodiste-Folteşti . Tripoli C2 (3200 / 3150-2650 BC [3] ) includes the territory of South Volyn ; the role of livestock farming is increasing in the economy. In the southeast, contacts with the steppes led to the formation of the Usatovo culture .
In spatial terms, the Tripoli-Cucuteni culture had a borderline character. The culture developed between the cultural mass of “Old Europe” (according to Maria Gimbutas ) and the world of the steppe tribes of the Northern Black Sea [6] .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 V.A. Dergachev, I.V. Manzura. Funeral complexes of the late Tripoli: Code of sources / Ed. ed. V. Ya. Sorokin; AN SSSR Moldova, Dep. ethnography and art history. - Chisinau: Shtiintsa, 1991 .-- 333 p. - ISBN 5-376-01192-5 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Kukuten / Balabina V.I. // Baptism of the Lord - Swallow [Electronic resource]. - 2010. - S. 284. - (The Great Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. 16). - ISBN 978-5-85270-347-7 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tripoli Culture / Balabina V.I. // Television Tower - Ulan Bator [Electronic resource]. - 2016 .-- S. 409-410. - (The Big Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. 32). - ISBN 978-5-85270-369-9 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Ionut Cristi Nicu. Hydrogeomorphic Risk Analysis Affecting Chalcolithic Archaeological Sites from Valea Oii (Bahlui) Watershed, Northeastern Romania. An Interdisciplinary Approach . - Springer, 2016 .-- P. 56. - ISBN 978-3-319-25707-5 . - DOI : 10.1007 / 978-3-319-25709-9 .
- ↑ 1 2 Stone Age in Ukraine: Some Aspects of the Economy and Ethnocult. connections: Sat scientific tr / Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Institute of Archeology; [Repl. ed. V. I. Neprina]. - Kiev: Science. Dumka, 1990 .-- S. 10 .-- 122 p. - ISBN 5-12-001519-0 .
- ↑ 1 2 Cern, Stanislav. Anthropomorphic relief images on ceramics of Cucuteni-Tripoli (preliminary results) . - Anthropological studies in Moldova. Materials of the 1st scientific conference of young teachers and students (November 26-27, 2004). - Chisinau: Higher Anthropological School, 2005. - S. 5-12.
Literature
- Tripoli - Kukuten culture / Balabin V.I. // Television tower - Ulaanbaatar [Electronic resource]. - 2016. - P. 409. - (The Great Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. 32). - ISBN 978-5-85270-369-9 .