Unequal treaties

Unequal treaties
	China
Traditional Chinese :	不平等條約
Simplified Chinese :	不平等条约
Transliteration
	Mandarin
- pinyin :	bù-píngděng tiáoyuē
- Cyrillization :	Bupindeno Tayoye
	Yue (Cantonese)
- yutphin :	bat1 ping4 dang2 tiu4 joek3
	Japan
Kanji :	不平等条約
kana :	びょうどうじょうやく
Transliteration
- romaji :	fu byōdō jōyaku
- Cyrillization :	fu be: do: jo: yaku
	Korea
Hangul :	불평등 조약
Hancha :	不平等條約
Transliteration
- new ; Romanization :	bul-pyeong-deung jo-yak
- McCune - ; Reichauer :	pul-p'yŏng-dŭng cho-yak
- Cyrillization :	pulpyonjak

Non-negotiable or unequal treaties (Chinese. 不平等条约) is a term of Chinese politics and ideology used to refer to treaties concluded in the middle of the 19th - early 20th centuries between the Qing empire on the one hand and the European states , the United States and Japan on the other - from the point view of the official Chinese ideology unprofitable for China and imposed on him by the economic and military superiority of foreign powers.

The famous French caricature of the late 1890s is represented by China, which is shared by Queen Victoria (Great Britain), Wilhelm II (Germany), Nicholas II (Russia) and Emperor Meiji (Japan), and Marianna representing France (French caricaturist delicately depicted without trying to grab your piece). In the background, Li Hongzhang tries to stop what is happening, but is powerless.

He appeared in China in the 1920s on the wave of a growing nationalist movement and revanchist sentiments, and was widely used by both supporters of the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communists . Translations of this term were subsequently used in European languages. The same term sometimes denotes similar in nature treaties of Korea and Japan . Currently, the term is used in both the Republic of China (Taiwan) and the People’s Republic of China , but the specific list of contracts declared “unequal” is different.

Content

History

One of the first treaties of this kind is considered to be the Nanking Treaty between the Qing Empire and Great Britain in 1842. As a result of China’s defeat in the First Opium War, the ports were open to free trade with Great Britain, Hong Kong was leased, and the British living there were exempted from the laws of China on the basis of extraterritoriality .

Similarly, Japan was forced to conclude a similar treaty with the United States in 1854, and Korea in 1876 concluded a similar unequal treaty with Japan. As a result of Japan’s economic growth in the second half of the nineteenth century, it was able to abandon unequal contracts by the mid-1890s. In the case of China and Korea, most of the treaties were canceled after World War II (1939–1945), with the exception of the Hong Kong lease agreement, which was transferred to China in 1997, and the Beijing Treaty (1860) on securing Primorye Russia .

List of unequal treaties

Of china
Contract name		Year	With whom
Russian	Chinese	Year	With whom
Nanking Treaty	南京條約	1842	Great Britain
Humen Treaty	虎門條約	1843	Great Britain
Vansya Treaty	中美望廈條約	1844	USA
Huangpu Treaty	黃埔條約	1844	France
Aigun Treaty	琿條約	1858	Russia
Tianjin Treaty	天津條約	1858	France, United Kingdom, Russia, United States
Beijing Treaty	北京條約	1860	France, United Kingdom, Russia
Tianjin Treaty with Prussia		1861	Prussia
Zhifu Treaty	煙台條約	1876	Great Britain
Sino-Portuguese Treaty	中葡北京條約	1887	Portugal
Shimonoseki treaty	馬關條約	1895	Japan
Hong Kong Expansion Agreement	拓香港界址專條	1898	Great Britain
Final protocol	辛丑條約	1901	European powers
Twenty one requirement	一條	1915	Japan
Japan
Contract name		Year	With whom
Russian	Japanese	Year	With whom
Kanagawa Treaty	米和親条約	1854	USA
Anglo-Japanese Friendship Agreement	英和親条約	1854	Great Britain
Shimoda treatise	露和親条約	1855	Russia
Treaties Ansei	政条約	1858	France, United Kingdom, Russia, USA, Holland
Harris contract	米修好通商条約	1858	USA
Anglo-Japanese Friendship and Trade Agreement	英修好通商条約	1858	Great Britain
Korea
Contract name		Year	With whom
Russian	korean	Year	With whom
Peace Treaty on Ganghwado	강화도 조약	1876	Japan
US-Korean treaty	수호 통상 조약	1882	USA
Agreement Katsura - Taffeta	가쓰라 - 태프트 밀약	1905	USA
Japan-Korean Protectorate Treaty	을사 조약	1905	Japan
Agreement on the accession of Korea to Japan	병합 조약	1910	Japan

Literature

Hsü, Immanuel Chung-yueh. The Rise of Modern China. - New York: Oxford University Press, 1970.
Michael R. Auslin. Negotiating with the Diplomacy . - Harvard University Press, 2006. - p. 17, 44.

Links

China: Nationalist Notes (June 25, 1928). The appeal date is April 11, 2011.