Sea cow [1] [2] [3] , or Steller’s cow [3] , or also cabbage lady [4] ( lat. Hydrodamalis gigas ) - a mammal killed by a human group of sirens . It was discovered in 1741 by the expedition of Vitus Bering . The Russian name was given in honor of the naturalist Georg Steller , the expedition doctor, on the descriptions of which a significant part of the information about this animal is based.
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 Steller cow model at the London Museum of Natural History | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Hydrodamalis gigas ( Zimmermann , 1780 ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The Steller’s cow lived only off the coast of the Commander Islands , although modern paleontological data suggest that in the prehistoric era its range was noticeably wider. The predatory extermination following the discovery for the sake of tasty meat led to the complete disappearance of this animal by 1768 [5] .
The Steller’s cow was a very large animal. In terms of length and body weight, it probably exceeded all other aquatic mammals except cetaceans (reaching 7-8 m in length, five or more tons of weight) and its closest relative and probable ancestor - hydrodamalis Cuesta (body length over 9 m with a probable mass up to 10 tons) [6] . The cabbage woman led a sedentary lifestyle, keeping mostly near the coast; apparently she was not able to dive. Steller’s cow was fed exclusively with seaweed , especially seaweed . The behavior of this animal was characterized by slowness, apathy and the absence of fear of humans. These factors, facilitating the production of cows by people, contributed to its rapid disappearance. The low total number of cows at the time of opening, about two thousand, also played a role.
Occasionally, reports of the observation of sea cows in several areas of the Kamchatka Territory are not confirmed. In museums around the world, a significant amount of skeletal bone remains is preserved, including several full skeletons , as well as pieces of their skin [7] .
Content
Discovery History
For the first time, people saw sea cows in November 1741 (except for the hypothetical contacts with them of the prehistoric inhabitants of Asia and North America and / or later indigenous tribes of Siberia ), when the ship of Commander Vitus Bering " Saint Peter ", which made expeditionary voyage , wrecked during attempt to anchor at an island subsequently named after Bering [8] [9] .
Georg Steller, naturalist and expedition doctor, was the only specialist with a natural science education who personally saw and described this species. After a shipwreck, he noticed several large oblong objects from the shore at sea, similar from afar to the bottoms of upturned boats, and soon realized that he had seen the backs of large aquatic animals [10] . However, the first cow was obtained by people from this expedition only at the end of their ten-month stay on the island, six weeks before departure. Eating the meat of sea cows helped travelers a lot, supporting their strength during the time-consuming construction of a new vessel [11] .
Most of the later reports are based on Steller's work “On the Beasts of the Sea” ( lat. De bestiis marinis ), first published in 1751 . Steller believed that he was dealing with manatee ( Latin Trichechus manatus ), and in his notes identified the sea cow with him, arguing that this is the same animal that is called “manat” in Spanish possessions in America [12] [13] ( Spanish manati ) [14] . As a new species, the sea cow was described by the famous German zoologist E. Zimmermann in 1780 . The binominal name Hydrodamalis gigas, which has become universally recognized (the generic name literally means “water cow,” the species name is “giant”), was given to the Swedish biologist A. Ya. Retzius in 1794 [13] .
An important contribution to the study of the sea cow was made by an American zoologist of Norwegian descent, biographer Steller Leonard Steineger , who conducted research on the Commanders in 1882-1883 and collected a large number of bones of this animal [15] .
Appearance and Building
Appearance and structural features
The appearance of the cabbage was characteristic of all lilac, with the exception that the Steller's cow was much larger than its relatives. The body of the animal was thick and smooth. The head was very small in comparison with the size of the body, and the cow could freely move its head both to the sides and up and down. The limbs were relatively short rounded fins with a joint in the middle, ending in a horny growth, which was compared with a horse's hoof . The body ended with a wide horizontal caudal lobe with a recess in the middle [4] .
The skin of the Steller’s cow was bare, folded and extremely thick, and, as Steller put it, resembled the bark of an old oak . Its color was from gray to dark brown [10] , sometimes with whitish spots and stripes [16] . One of the German researchers, who studied the preserved piece of leather of a Steller’s cow, found that in terms of strength and elasticity it is close to the rubber of modern automobile tires . Perhaps this property of the skin was a protective device that saved the animal from wounds on stones in the coastal zone [17] .
The ear holes were so small that they were almost lost among the folds of skin. The eyes were also very small, according to eyewitness accounts - no more than that of a sheep . Soft and mobile lips were covered with vibrissae the thickness of a chicken feather rod. The upper lip was undiluted [4] . The steller cow had no teeth at all. Cabbage was ground with two white horn plates (one on each jaw) [4] . According to various sources, the cervical vertebrae were 6 or 7 [10] . Judging by the skeletons found [18] , in the spine there were about 50 vertebrae (not including the thoracic one).
The presence of a pronounced sexual dimorphism in a Steller cow remains unclear [19] . However, the males were apparently somewhat larger than the females [13] .
The Steller’s cow practically did not sound. She usually only snorted, exhaling air, and only when wounded could she make loud moaning sounds [11] . Apparently, this animal had good hearing, as evidenced by the significant development of the inner ear . However, cows almost did not react to the noise of boats sailing towards them [8] .
Size
The Steller’s cow was a very large animal. Steller himself, who described the female cow in detail, estimated her body length at 295 inches (about 7.5 m) [19] . The largest documented length of a sea cow is 7.88 m. For a female 7.42 m long, the circumference of the neck and the back of the head was 204 cm, the circumference of the body at shoulder level was 3.67 m, and the largest circumference of the body in the middle at the back of the abdomen was 6.22 m , the length of the tail from the anus to the caudal lobes is 192.5 cm, the circumference of the caudal stem at the place where the lobes extend is 143 cm, the distance between the ends of the caudal lobes is 199 cm [13] . It has been suggested that the length of sea cows could be noticeably longer, but some scientists believe that 7.9 m was already the upper limit; nevertheless, a length of 9-10 m is also called [16] . In girth, the female, measured by Steller, had 22 feet (6.6 m) [9] .
As for body weight, it was very significant - of the order of several tons. Different sources cite varying figures: about 4 tons [4] , 4.5-5.9 tons [20] , up to 10 tons [21] or from 5.4 to 11.2 tons [19] , that is, a Steller’s cow could be even heavier than the African elephant . The weight of the female, measured by Steller, was about 3.5 tons [4] . In any case, the Steller’s cow was apparently in first place among all mammals that led an aquatic life, with the exception of cetaceans [20] (surpassing even such a giant as the southern elephant elephant in average weight).
Behavioral Features
Most of the time, Steller cows fed slowly swimming in shallow water, often using forelimbs to support the ground. They did not dive, and their backs constantly protruded from the water. Seabirds often sat on the back of cows, pecking crustaceans ( whale lice ) from the folds of skin [4] . The cows came so close to the shore that sometimes they could be reached with their hands [4] . Usually, the female and the male kept together with the young-year-old and the young of the last year [10] , in general, cows usually kept in numerous herds. In the herd, the young was in the middle. The attachment of animals to each other was very strong. It is described how a male sailed for three days to a dead female lying on the shore [4] . The cub of another female, slaughtered by industrialists, behaved the same way. Little is known about the reproduction of cabbage. Steller wrote that sea cows are monogamous, mating apparently occurred in the spring [11] .
Steller's cows fed exclusively on seaweeds, which grew in abundance in coastal waters, primarily sea kale (which is why the name "cabbage" came about). Feeding cows, tearing off algae, kept their heads under water. Every 4-5 minutes, they raised their heads for a new portion of air, making a sound that was somewhat reminiscent of a horse's snort. In the places where the cows were fed, the waves threw out on the shore in large numbers the lower parts of the thalli (“roots” and “stems”) of the algae they eat, as well as litter similar to horse manure. While resting, the cows lay on their backs, slowly drifting in quiet bays. In general, the behavior of the cabbage women was characterized by exceptional slowness and apathy [4] . In winter, the cows were very thin, so that the observer could count their ribs [17] .
The life expectancy of a Steller cow, like that of its closest relative dugong , could reach ninety years [20] . The natural enemies of this animal are not described, but Steller talked about the death of cows under the ice in winter. He also said that during a storm, cabbage women, if they didn’t have time to move offshore, often perished from blows on stones with great excitement [10] .
Livestock Status at Opening
Estimates made by Steineger in the 1880s say that the number of steller cows in their entire range at the time of discovery of this species hardly exceeded one and a half thousand individuals. In 2006, an assessment was made of all factors that could lead to the rapid disappearance of cows. The results showed that, with an initial number of one and a half thousand animals, predatory prey alone was more than enough for the destruction of cabbage for two to three decades [22] .
According to estimates from 2002 to 2004 , given the current number of sea cows, only production of no more than 17 animals per year would be safe for their livestock. However, it is estimated that industrialists caught an average of 123 cows per year between 1743 and 1763 . The peak of slaughter of cows came in 1754, when more than 500 animals were killed. With an initial livestock of one and a half thousand specimens, such a rate of production was to lead to a 95% disappearance of cows by 1756 . The fact that the last cows disappeared around 1768, apparently indicates the presence of another population on the island of Medny ; in this case, the total number could be about 2900 animals [20] .
Range
According to some studies, the range of the Steller cow significantly expanded during the peak of the last glaciation (about 20 thousand years ago), when the Arctic Ocean was separated from the Pacific land, located on the site of the modern Bering Strait , the so-called Beringia . The climate in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean was milder than the modern one, which allowed the Steller cow to settle far north along the coast of Asia [10] .
Fossil finds related to the Late Pleistocene confirm the fact of the wide distribution of sirens in this geographical area. The habitat of a Steller cow in a limited range near the Commander Islands dates back to the onset of the Holocene . Researchers do not exclude that in other places the cow disappeared in prehistoric times due to persecution by local hunting tribes [20] . However, some American researchers believed that the range of the cow could be reduced without the participation of primitive hunters. In their opinion, the Steller’s cow by the time of its discovery was already on the verge of extinction for natural reasons [21] .
Data cited by experts from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) suggest that the Steller’s cow in the 18th century most likely also lived on the western Aleutian Islands [22] , although Soviet sources from earlier years [4] indicated that the habitat data cows in places outside their known range are based only on the finds of their corpses thrown out by the sea. In the 1960s and 70s, individual bones of a Steller cow were also found in Japan and California [21] . The only known finding of comparatively complete skeletal skeleton sketches outside its famous range was made in 1969 on the island of Amchitka (Aleutian ridge); the age of the three skeletons found there was estimated at 125-130 thousand years. In 1971, information appeared about the discovery of the left rib of a sea cow during excavations of the 17th-century Eskimo camp in Alaska in the Noatak River basin. It was concluded that in the late Pleistocene, the Steller’s cow was widespread near the Aleutian Islands and the coast of Alaska, while the climate in this area was quite warm. It is noteworthy that the cow whose skeleton was found on the island of Amchitka, despite its young age, was not inferior in size to the adult specimens from the Commander Islands [21] .
Steller Cow Environmental Relations
The role of the Steller cow in the ecological balance was significant, primarily due to the consumption of a significant amount of algae by these animals. In places where sea cows ate algae, the number of sea urchins , which form the basis of the feeding of sea otters , increased. It is possible that due to the reduction in the number of algae, underwater hunting for fish of the Steller cormorant was also facilitated (therefore, it is possible that the disappearance of the Steller cow was indirectly one of the main causes of extinction of this bird) [10] . It is noted that the prehistoric range of the Steller cow coincided with the range of sea otter [22] . In general, experts believe that the environmental relationship between the Steller cow and sea otter was significant. The destruction by industrialists of sea otters at the Commander could become an additional factor in the extinction of cabbage [9] .
When the sea cows disappeared, large algae formed continuous thickets in the coastal strip of the Commander Islands. The result was stagnation of coastal waters, their “blooming” and the so-called red tides, named because of the red color of the water due to the intensive reproduction of unicellular algae - dinoflagellates . Toxins (some of which are stronger than curare poison) produced by individual dinoflagellate species can accumulate in the body of mollusks and other invertebrates, reaching the fish, sea otters and seabirds along the trophic chain and lead to their death [10] .
Kinship with other sirens
Steller's cow is a typical representative of siren. Her earliest known ancestor was apparently the Dugis-like Miocene sea cow , whose fossil remains are described in California. A study of mitochondrial DNA showed that the evolutionary divergence of sea cows and dugongs occurred no later than 22 million years ago. The direct ancestor of cabbage can be considered the sea cow Hydrodamalis cuestae , which lived in the Late Miocene, about 5 million years ago [11] .
The closest modern relative of the Steller cow is, most likely, dugong [20] . The Steller’s cow is assigned to the dugong family , but it stands out as a separate genus Hydrodamalis .
Extermination
Slaughtering Steller Cows
The industrialists who arrived on the Commander Islands, who harvested sea otters there, and researchers hunted for Steller cows for their meat. Slaughtering the cabbage shrimps was a simple matter - these sluggish and inactive, incapable of diving animals could not get away from the people chasing them on boats. The harpooned cow, however, often showed such rage and strength that the hunters sought to sail away from it. According to Steller,
| These insatiable animals eat without interruption and because of their exceptional greed for food they keep their heads under water all the time, so they worry little about their life and safety, and you can swim between them and choose what needs to be pulled out of the sea [13] . |
The usual way to catch Steller cows was by hand harpoon . Sometimes they were killed with the use of firearms. The method for catching Steller cows was described in great detail by Steller:
| We caught them using a large iron hook, the tip of which resembled the paw of an anchor; We fastened its other end with an iron ring to a very long and strong rope that thirty people dragged from the shore ... Having sealed the sea cow, the sailors immediately tried to sail aside so that the wounded animal would not overturn or break their boat with powerful tail strikes . After that, the people who remained on the shore began to pull the rope and persistently drag the desperate animal to the shore. People in the boat meanwhile drove the animal with the help of another rope and exhausted it with constant blows, until it, exhausted and completely motionless, was not pulled ashore, where it had already been hit with bayonets, knives and other tools. Sometimes large pieces were cut off from a living animal and, resisting, it hit the ground with its tail and fins with such force that even pieces of skin fell off the body ... From the wounds inflicted on the back of the body, blood flowed in a stream. When the wounded animal was under water, the blood did not flow, but as soon as he poked his head out to grab a breath of air, the blood flow resumed with the same strength ... [13] |
With this method of fishing, only a part of the cows fell into the hands of people, the rest died in the sea from wounds - according to some estimates, hunters received only one of the five harpooned cabbage [11] .
From 1743 to 1763, several batches of fur manufacturers with a total of up to fifty people wintered on the Commander Islands. They all hunted sea cows for meat. By 1754, sea cows were completely exterminated at the Copper Island. It is believed that the last cow near Bering Island was killed by an industrialist named Popov in 1768 [17] . In the same year, researcher Martin Sauer wrote in his journal about their complete absence from this island [11] .
There is information that one of the members of the Bering expedition, a certain Yakovlev, claimed that in 1755 the leadership of the settlement on about. Bering issued a decree banning the hunting of sea cows. However, by that time, the local population was already apparently destroyed almost all [9] [11] .
Eating
The main purpose of hunting for a Steller's cow was the extraction of meat. One of the members of the Bering expedition said that from a slaughtered cow it was possible to get up to three tons of meat [13] . It is known that the meat of one cow was enough to feed thirty-three people for a month. Slaughtered cows were consumed not only by the wintering parties, they were also usually taken with them as provisions by sailing vessels [20] . The meat of the sea cows was, according to tastes, excellent taste. Steller wrote:
| The fat is not oily, but harsh, white as snow; if it lies in the sun for several days, it becomes pleasantly yellow, like the best Dutch oil. Ghee, it is superior in taste to the best beef tallow; ... exceptionally pleasant in smell and very nutritious, so we drank it in cups without any disgust. The tail consists almost exclusively of fat. The meat of the cubs resembles a piglet, the meat of adults - veal; it is cooked for half an hour and at the same time swells so much that it almost doubles in volume. The meat of old animals cannot be distinguished from beef ... How healthy it is for nutrition, we soon experienced for ourselves, especially those who suffered from the effects of scurvy [12] . |
The insides of the Steller cow ( heart , liver , kidneys ) did not differ in good taste, they were stiff and, as Steller wrote, they were usually thrown away. The fat drowned from subcutaneous fat went not only into food, but was also used for lighting. Poured into the lamp, it burned without smell and soot [17] . Strong and thick skins of skits went to the manufacture of boats [9] .
Preserved Skeletons and Bones
Bone remains of Steller cows have been studied quite fully. Their bones are not uncommon, since until now they have come across people on the Commander Islands. In museums around the world there are a significant number of bones and skeletons of this animal - according to some reports, fifty-nine world museums possess such exhibits. Several remains of the skin of a sea cow are also preserved. The models of the Steller cow, reconstructed with a high degree of accuracy, are available in many museums. Among this number of exhibits, there are several well-preserved skeletons [7] :
Samples for sequencing the genome of the Steller cow were taken from bones stored in museums [23] .
Former USSR
- The Zoological Museum of Moscow University is a skeleton assembled in 1837 .
- The Zoological Museum of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg is an incomplete skeleton of an individual 6.87 m long (found in 1855 ).
- The Paleontological Museum in Kiev is a complete skeleton (1879-1882).
- The Zoological Museum at the National Museum of Natural History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in Kiev is a complete skeleton (1879-1882).
- The Khabarovsk Museum of Local Lore is an almost complete skeleton of one specimen, to which several bones of another specimen were added (1897-1898).
- Kharkov Museum of Nature is a complete composite skeleton (1879-1882, some elements added in the 1970s ).
- The Zoological Museum named after Benedict Dybovsky in Lviv is a complete skeleton (1879-1882).
- The Aleutian Museum of Local Lore in the village of Nikolsky on Bering Island is an almost complete skeleton of a cub (discovered in 1986 ) [24] .
- Irkutsk Regional Museum of Local Lore - two incomplete skeletons, totaling fifty six bones (1879) [25] .
USA
- Washington , National Museum of Natural History - the composite skeleton. It was assembled in 1883 by Steineger.
- The University of California at Berkeley is an almost complete skeleton made up of the bones of several individuals (acquired in 1904 ).
- The Museum of Comparative Zoology (part of the Harvard Museum of Natural History at Harvard University in Massachusetts is an almost complete composite skeleton (probably from bones collected by Steineger).
Europe
- The London Museum of Natural History is a complete skeleton made up of the bones of two individuals (acquired in 1882 ).
- The Edinburgh Museum is an almost complete composite skeleton (found on Medny Island by Russian scientist D.F. Sinitsyn , delivered to the UK in 1897 ).
- The National Museum of Natural History in Paris - two almost complete compound skeletons (acquired in 1898).
- The Natural History Museum in Vienna is an almost complete composite skeleton (1897).
- The Swedish Museum of Natural History in Stockholm is an incomplete skeleton (from bones collected in 1879 by the A. Nordenskjöld expedition on the Vega barge ).
- The Museum of Natural History at the University of Helsinki is a complete skeleton of a young individual, 5.3 m long, who died for natural reasons. It is made up of bones collected in 1861 by the Chief Ruler of the Russian-American Company (actually the governor of Russian Alaska ) I.V. Furugelm .
The possibility of preservation to this day
Steller's cow is recognized extinct; the status of its population according to the International Red Book is an extinct species ( Eng. Extinct ) [22] . Nevertheless, it is sometimes thought that for some time after the 1760s, sea cows occasionally came across natives of the Russian Far East . So, in 1834, two Russian-Aleutian creoles claimed that on the coast of Bering Island they saw "a skinny animal with a cone-shaped body, small forelimbs, which breathed its mouth and did not have hind fins" [26] . Such reports, according to some researchers, were quite frequent in the 19th century [8] .
Several testimonies that remain unconfirmed even date back to the 20th century . In 1962, members of the Soviet whaler team allegedly observed a group of six animals in the Anadyr Gulf , the description of which was similar to the appearance of a Steller cow [8] . In 1966, a note on the observation of the cabbage was published in the Kamchatsky Komsomolets newspaper [5] . In 1976, the editors of the magazine “ Around the World ” received a letter from the Kamchatka meteorologist Yu. V. Koev, who said that he saw the cabbage at Cape Lopatka :
| I can say that in August 1976 he saw a Steller cow near Cape Lopatka. What allows me to make such a statement? He has repeatedly seen whales, killer whales, seals, sea lions, seals, sea otters and walruses. The same animal is not like any of the above. The length is about five meters. Swam in shallow water very slowly. As if rolling like a wave. First, a head appeared with a characteristic growth, then a massive body and then a tail. Yes, that attracted my attention (by the way, there is a witness). Because when a seal or walrus swim in this way, their hind legs are pressed against each other, and it’s clear that these are flippers, and this one had a tail like a whale. Such an impression ... that she came up every time with her stomach up, slowly rolling her body. And the tail set like a whale “butterfly” when the whale goes deep ... [26] |
None of these observations have been confirmed. Однако некоторые энтузиасты и криптозоологи даже в настоящее время полагают вероятным существование небольшой популяции стеллеровых коров в отдалённых и труднодоступных районах Камчатского края . Среди любителей ведётся дискуссия о возможности клонирования капустницы с использованием биологического материала, полученного из сохранившихся образцов кожи и костей [27] . Если бы стеллерова корова сохранилась до современной эпохи, то, как пишут многие зоологи, при своём безобидном нраве она могла бы стать первым морским домашним животным [4] .
Стеллерова корова в культуре
Вероятно, наиболее известным случаем упоминания стеллеровой коровы в произведениях классической литературы является её образ в повести Редьярда Киплинга «Белый котик». В этом произведении главный герой, белый морской котик, встречается со стадом морских коров, которые уцелели в недоступном для людей заливе Берингова моря :
| Создания и впрямь имели престранный вид и не похожи были ни на кита, ни на акулу, ни на моржа, ни на тюленя, ни на белуху, ни на нерпу, ни на ската, ни на спрута, ни на каракатицу. У них было веретенообразное туловище, футов двадцать или тридцать в длину, а вместо задних ластов — плоский хвост, ни дать ни взять лопата из мокрой кожи. Голова у них была самой нелепой формы, какую только можно вообразить, а когда они отрывались от еды, то начинали раскачиваться на хвосте, церемонно раскланиваясь на все стороны и помахивая передними ластами, как толстяк в ресторане, подзывающий официанта [28] . |
See also
- Список недавно вымерших млекопитающих
- Исчезнувшие виды (охранный статус)
- Животные, вымершие после 1500 года
- Стеллеров баклан
- Дронтовые
Notes
- ↑ Жизнь животных. Том 7. Млекопитающие / под ред. Соколова В. Е. (гл. ред.), Гилярова М. С., Полянского Ю. И. и др. — 2-е изд. — М.: Просвещение, 1989. — С. 403. — 558 с. — ISBN 5-09-001434-5
- ↑ Соколов В. Е. Систематика млекопитающих. Том 3. Китообразные, хищные, ластоногие, трубкозубые, хоботные, даманы, сирены, парнокопытные, мозоленогие, непарнокопытные. — М.: Высшая школа, 1979. — С. 332. — 528 с.
- ↑ 1 2 Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Mammals Latin, Russian, English, German, French. / edited by Acad. V. E. Sokolova. - M .: Rus. яз., 1984. — С. 121. — 10 000 экз.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Жизнь животных / под ред. С. П. Наумова и А. П. Кузякина. . — М. : «Просвещение», 1971. — Т. 6 (млекопитающие). — С. 409—410. — 628 с. - 300,000 copies.
- ↑ 1 2 Николай Вехов Где паслась стеллерова корова? // Наука и жизнь . — 2017. — № 5. — С. 86—93
- ↑ Век млекопитающих — Гидродамалис Куэста
- ↑ 1 2 Database: Steller's Seacow in Museums (англ.) . www.hans-rothauscher.de. Дата обращения 26 сентября 2012. Архивировано 17 октября 2012 года.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Murray Lundberg. The Steller Sea Cow (англ.) . Explore North. Дата обращения 26 сентября 2012. Архивировано 17 октября 2012 года.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Russia's Great Voyages (англ.) (недоступная ссылка) . California Academy of Sciences. Дата обращения 26 сентября 2012. Архивировано 7 июня 2012 года.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 В. Н. Калякин. Морская (стеллерова) корова, капустница (капустник) . Мир животных. Дата обращения 25 сентября 2012. Архивировано 17 октября 2012 года.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hydrodamalis gigas (англ.) . Recently Extinct Animals (12 августа 2006). Дата обращения 26 сентября 2012. Архивировано 17 октября 2012 года.
- ↑ 1 2 Морские коровы . — цит. по Вахрин С. И. «Встречь Солнцу», 1996 г.. Дата обращения 25 сентября 2012. Архивировано 17 октября 2012 года.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Стеллерова корова — Hydrodamalis gigas . Век млекопитающих. Дата обращения 25 сентября 2012. Архивировано 17 октября 2012 года.
- ↑ Манати — смысл, толкование, значение слова . Словарь В. Даля онлайн. Дата обращения 27 сентября 2012. Архивировано 17 октября 2012 года.
- ↑ А. М. Токранов. Штейнегер Леонард . Дата обращения 27 сентября 2012. Архивировано 17 октября 2012 года.
- ↑ 1 2 Sea cow (англ.) . Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Дата обращения 26 сентября 2012. Архивировано 17 октября 2012 года.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Сирены: «Морские коровы» . Мир животных. — Б. Гржимек . Сокращ. перевод с немецкого Е. А. Геевской из книги «Unsere Bruder mit den Krallen». « Химия и Жизнь » № 11, 1981 г., с. 58—61. Дата обращения 25 сентября 2012. Архивировано 17 октября 2012 года.
- ↑ Скелет вымершей морской коровы обнаружили на Камчатке
- ↑ 1 2 3 Bret Weinstein, James Patton. Hydrodamalis gigas, Steller's Sea Cow (англ.) . Animal Diversity Web. Дата обращения 25 сентября 2012. Архивировано 17 октября 2012 года.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ST Turvey1, CL Risley. Modelling the extinction of Steller's sea cow (англ.) . Biology Letters. Дата обращения 25 сентября 2012. Архивировано 17 октября 2012 года.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Frank C. Whitmore, Leonard Meade Gard. Steller's sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas) of late Pleistocene age from Amchitka (англ.) . www.hans-rothauscher.de. — Geological Survey Professional Paper 1036; Washington, 1977. Дата обращения 26 сентября 2012.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Hydrodamalis gigas (англ.) . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Дата обращения 25 сентября 2012. Архивировано 17 октября 2012 года.
- ↑ Недолужко, 2019 , 14:22−17:04.
- ↑ Скелет морской коровы Стеллера (Hydrodamalis gigas) . Музеи России (2001—2010). Дата обращения 26 сентября 2012. Архивировано 17 октября 2012 года.
- ↑ Отдел природы . Культурный Иркутск — всё о культурной жизни Иркутска (2005—2008). Дата обращения 26 сентября 2012. Архивировано 17 октября 2012 года.
- ↑ 1 2 Дело о стеллеровой корове (англ.) . Вокруг света. — № 10 (2613), октябрь 1991 года. Дата обращения 26 сентября 2012. Архивировано 17 октября 2012 года.
- ↑ Том Мюллер. Эффект клона (англ.) . National Geographic — Россия (28 июля 2011). Дата обращения 26 сентября 2012. Архивировано 17 октября 2012 года.
- ↑ Киплинг, Редьярд Джозеф. Белый котик . Электронная библиотека ModernLib.ru. Дата обращения 27 сентября 2012. Архивировано 17 октября 2012 года.
Literature
- Brandt JF Bemerkungen über die Verbreitung und Vertilgung der Rhytina (Заметки о распространении и уничтожении стеллеровой коровы) // Mélanges biologiques tirés du Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg. St.-Ptb, 1863. T. 4. N 3. S. 259—268; То же Bulletin de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg, T. 5, C. 558—564.
- Brandt JF Quelques mots sur l'extermination de la Rhytina // Bull. Acad. sci. St.-Ptb. 1866. Т. 9. N 3. Col. 279—282.
- Brandt JF Einige Worte über die Gestalt des Hirns der Seekühe (Serenia) (Несколько слов о состоянии мозга у морской коровы) // Mélanges Biologiques tirés du Bulletin de L'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg. — St.-Pétersbourg, 1867. — T. 6, № 3. — C. 364—366. — (Bulletin de L`'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg ; 1867. Т. 12, С. 269—270).
- Брандт Ф. Ф. Заметки о содержании второго и третьего отделов моих сообщений о морских коровах (Symbolae sirenologicae) и в особенности относительно Капустника Стеллера (Rhytina borealis S. Stelleri) // Труды Первого съезда русских естествоиспытателей. — Т. 2. — СПб.: СПб. Унив., 1868. — С. 211—215.
Links
- Фотография фрагмента кожи стеллеровой коровы
- Артем Недолужко о секвенировании и мамонтах на YouTube , начиная с 14:22 — 27 октября 2018 — Лекция в московском культурном центре «Северное Чертаново». — Совместный лекторий фонда «Эволюция» и портала «Биомолекула».