The Astrakhan uprising is the uprising of archers , Cossacks , soldiers , posad , working and runaway people , which occurred in the city of Astrakhan and its environs in 1705 - 1706 [1] .
Content
Rebellion History
Reasons for the rebellion
By 1705, the city of Astrakhan was a large commercial and industrial center with a diverse social and national population. Fisheries, and especially shipping, attracted many newcomers to work. In addition, Eastern trade of Russia went through Astrakhan, so there were always many Russian, Armenian, Persian, Central Asian merchants in the city. In the city there was a large garrison , numbering 3650 people, there were many disgraced archers who were exiled after the suppression of the last streltsy revolt ( rebellion ).
Among the reasons for the uprising, historians include increased arbitrariness and violence by the local administration, the introduction of new taxes and the cruelty of the Astrakhan governor Timofei Rzhevsky [2] . All types of city trade, including petty trade, were subject to taxation, and often the amount of fees exceeded the cost of goods sold. The vessels arriving in the city were ordered to be moored and dumped, and the citizens levied taxes on cellars, stoves, saunas and brewing beer. Voivode Rzhevsky handed over the bread trade and himself entered into a share with the farmers, which caused a sharp increase in prices for bread and other products.
Under these conditions, the idea of rebellion (rebellion) arose in a soldier-archery environment and a conspiracy formed, among the instigators of the rebellion were representatives of different cities and professions, as well as Pentecostals of the archery regiments and sergeants of the soldier’s regiment [3] ), whose active participants were G. Artemyev , G. Agaev, zemstvo barmister Gavrila Ganchikov, Sagittarius Ivan Sheludyak, wealthy Yaroslavl merchant and Astrakhan fisheryman Yakov Nosov. The reason for the rebellion (uprising) was the royal decree prohibiting the wearing of beards and Russian dress [2] (for trampled antiquity [3] ).
Rebellion
The uprising that broke out on the night of July 30 (August 10) was led by archers Ivan Sheludyak and Prokhor Nosov, merchant Yakov Nosov and others. The urban poor, the working people of the fishing and salt industries, the hacks, visiting merchants joined the rebels. Soldiers and archers captured the Astrakhan Kremlin and chose their own authority - the city meeting (circle), which elected a council of foremen. New taxes were abolished, salaries for archers and soldiers were increased, the decree on wearing a foreign dress and barber was canceled. The property of the executed governor and nobles was confiscated, and the hated officers and nobles were killed on the spot or executed by decision of the circle. The governor T. Rzhevsky was also executed.
Immediately after the start of the rebellion (uprising), a new administrative apparatus was created and a national assembly (“ Cossack Circle ”) was held on Cathedral Square in the Kremlin . The speech of I. Sheludyak, who explained the reasons for the uprising to the people, met with full support. A number of decisions were made in the circle, including the confiscation of property of former bosses. The governor Rzhevsky, hiding in the chicken coop, was brought into a circle and executed there. The circle canceled the taxes imposed under Rzhevsky, issued a salary to the archers, and took measures to expand the area of rebellion. The rebels soon joined the Red Yar , Black Yar , Guryev and Terki .
In addition, the issue of a campaign against Moscow was actively discussed, but it all ended with an organized campaign against Tsaritsyn , which did not bring any results: the archers returned to Astrakhan, having met resistance from government forces [2] .
Peter I ordered Field Marshal B. P. Sheremetev to immediately crush the riot, for which formations numbering about 3 thousand people were allocated [4] . On March 11, 1706, Sheremetev took control of the approaches to the city [4] , a bit later he took the city by attack and forced the rebels to lock themselves in a stone Kremlin, from where they successfully shot back. Then, on March 12, he ordered the troops to withdraw under the cover of the ramparts of the earth city, proceeded to bombard the Kremlin [3] , after which first on March 12 the pentecostal Pentecostals and tenants came out with confession, and on March 13 (24) the tsarist troops under the command of Sheremetev stormed Astrakhan, defeating the rebels. Initially, amnesty was promised to the participants in the uprising and even their leaders. But soon arrests began, the rebels began to be sent to Moscow for investigation, trial and punishment. In total, at different times in Moscow, 365 Astrakhanians were executed and died from torture at different times in Moscow. [five]
Notes
- ↑ Astrakhan uprising
- ↑ 1 2 3 http://history.astrakhan.ws/narod_vost3.php Astrakhan rebellious / Uprising 1705-1706
- ↑ 1 2 3 Astrakhan riot in 1705 // Military Encyclopedia : [in 18 vol.] / Ed. V.F. Novitsky [et al.]. - SPb. ; [ M. ]: Type. t-va I. D. Sytin , 1911-1915.
- ↑ 1 2 Capture of Astrakhan
- ↑ Astrakhan Uprising (Rus.) , Presidential Library named after B.N. Yeltsin . Date of treatment March 24, 2018.
Literature
- Astrakhan riot in 1705 // Military Encyclopedia : [in 18 vol.] / Ed. V.F. Novitsky [et al.]. - SPb. ; [ M. ]: Type. t-va I. D. Sytin , 1911-1915.
- Ayuk // Military Encyclopedia : [in 18 vol.] / Ed. V.F. Novitsky [et al.]. - SPb. ; [ M. ]: Type. t-va I. D. Sytin , 1911-1915.
- Kudryavtsev, Nikita Alferovich // Russian Biographical Dictionary : in 25 volumes. - SPb. - M. , 1896-1918.
- Golikova N. B. On the History of the Astrakhan Uprising 1705-1706 (social policy and governing bodies of the rebels) // Russia during the reforms of Peter I: Collection of articles / Editorial board: N. I. Pavlenko (ed. ed.), L. A. Nikiforov , M. Ya. Volkov ; Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences of the USSR . - M .: Nauka , 1973.- S. 249-288. - 384 p. - 10,000 copies. (in per.)
- Golikova N. B. Astrakhan Uprising, 1705-1706. - Publishing House of Moscow University. - 1975.