The ancient Roman system of units was not coherent, that is, it lacked rational relationships between units of different dimensions ; for example, by squaring the values of units of length into a square or cube, integer values of units of area or volume were not obtained, respectively. Another feature of this system was that, with rare exceptions, the multiplicity of units was a dozen ( 12 ), half a dozen ( 6 ), or a couple dozen ( 24 ).
The following is a summary table of ancient Roman units, it did not include units borrowed in Greece , as well as very rarely used units. It should be noted that the nominal values of these units are established by modern science approximately, in addition, throughout the centuries-old history of ancient Rome (first the republic, then the empire), the values of units could change.
| Original Unit Nomination | Modern Russian-language nomination | Value (approximate) | Communication with other units | Other values | Unicode 5.2 character |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weight | |||||
| granum | gran | 57 mg | 1/20 scrupula | ||
| siliqua | silica | 189 mg | 1/6 scrupula | 𐆕 ( )) ) | |
| lupinus | 283 mg | 1/4 scrupula | |||
| scripulum | scruple | 1.137 g | 6 silicon | ℈ ( E ) | |
| denarius | denarius | 3.42 g | 3 scruples | 𐆖 ( X , | |
| sextula = solidus | sextula = solid | 4,548 g | 4 scruples | 𐆓 ( Ƨ ) | |
| sicilicus (~ sickle) | 6.822 g | 6 scruples | Ɔ , ) | ||
| duella (~ pair) | duel | 9.1 g | 2 sextula | ƧƧ | |
| semuncia | semuntation | 13.644 g | 3 sextula | 13.584 g | 𐆒 ( Σ , Є , £ ) |
| uncia (~ twelfth <libra>) | ounce | 27.3 g | 6 sextula | 𐆑 ( - , ~ ) | |
| sextans (~ sixth <libra>) | sextans | 54.58 g | 2 oz | 𐆐 ( = , ≈ ) | |
| quadrans (~ quarter <libra>) | quadrant | 81.86 g | 3 oz | ||
| quincunx (~ five ounces) | 136.44 g | 5 oz | |||
| libra = as | pound = ass | 327.45 g | 12 oz | ||
| mina (~ smallness, trifle) | mine | 436.6 g | 16 oz | 543.36 g | |
| talentum | talent | 26.2 kg | 60 min | ||
| Length, distance | |||||
| digitis | digit finger | 1.85 cm | 1.997 cm | ||
| uncia = pollex (~ thumb) | ounce = inch | 2.46 cm | 4/3 digit | 2.66 cm | |
| palmus (~ palm) | palm trees | 7.39 cm | 3 oz | ||
| palmus major | big palm trees | 22.18 cm | 3 palm trees | ||
| pes (~ foot) | foot | 29.57 cm | 12 oz | 29.62 cm | |
| cubitus | cubit | 44.4 cm | 6 palm trees | 31.95 cm | |
| gradus (~ step) | degree | 0.74 m | 10 palm trees | ||
| passus (~ "a couple of steps") | step (double) | 1.48 m | 5 feet | ||
| pertica (~ pole) | 2,963 m | 10 foot | |||
| actus (~ “driving cattle to rest”) | Act | 35.5 m | 24 steps | 38.3 m | |
| mille passus | mile | 1480 m | 1000 steps | ||
| Square | |||||
| scripulum | scruple | 8.75 m² | |||
| actus | Act | 41.98 m² | 1/5 oz | ||
| uncia (~ twelfth <jugerum>) | ounce | 209.91 m² | 24 scrupula | ||
| clima | climate | 314.86 m² | 1.5 oz | 367.7 m² | |
| quadrans (~ quarter <jugerum>) | quadrant | 629.72 m² | 3 oz | ||
| triens (~ third <jugerum>) | 839.6 m² | 4 oz | |||
| quincunx | 1050 m² | 5 oz | |||
| actus quadratus | quad Act | 1259,44 m² | 6 oz | ||
| jugerum | yuger | 2519 m² | 12 oz | 2942 m² | |
| heredium | heredia | 5038 m² | 2 yugers | ||
| centuria (~ a hundred <heredium>) | century | 503800 m² | 200 yugers | ||
| saltus | salt | 2.015 sq. M. Km | 4 centuries | 2.35 sq. Km | |
| Volume, capacity | |||||
| ligula | 11.2 cm³ | 1/4 kiafa | |||
| cyat (h) us | kiaf | 45 cm³ | |||
| acetabulum | acetabul (a) | 68.4 cm³ | 1/2 quarter | ||
| quadrans = qartarius | quadrant = quarter | 137 cm³ | 3 kiafa | 136 cm³ | |
| triens | 182.3 cm³ | 4 kiafa | |||
| quincunx | 228 cm³ | 5 kiaf | |||
| hemina | hemin | 274 cm³ | 6 kiaf | 272 cm³ | |
| sextarius | sextarius | 547 cm³ | 12 kiafs | 544 cm³ | |
| congius | congy | 3275 cm³ | 6 sextarius | ||
| semodius | semody | 4377 cm³ | 8 sextarius | 4352 cm³ | |
| modius | modium | 8754 cm³ | 16 sextarius | 8704 cm³ | |
| urna | urn | 13130 cm³ | 4 conga | ||
| amphora = quadrantal | amphora = quadrant | 26260 cm³ | 2 ballot boxes | ||
| culleus | kull | 0.525 m³ | 20 amphora | 0.522 m³ | |
| Time | |||||
| minuta secunda | second | 1 s | |||
| minuta | minute | 1 minute | |||
| scripulum | scruple | 150 s | 2.5 minutes | ||
| hora | hour | 1 hour | |||
| dies et nox | day | 1 day | |||
| hebdomas, septimana | week, seven days | 7 days | |||
| mensis | month | 1 month | |||
| annus | year | 1 year | 10 months | ||
| saeculum | century, century | 100 years | |||
| Flat angle | |||||
| scripulum | scruple | one' | |||
| gradus | degree | 1 ° | 60 scruples | ||
Literature
- Butler I. Kh. Latin-Russian Dictionary. - M .: Rus. lang., 1986.
- Gromyko I. N. Russian-Latin Dictionary. - Minsk: New Knowledge, 2004.
- Dictionary of antiquity. Per. with him. - M .: Progress, 1989.
- Samokhina G. S. Ancient Rome: the main aspects of political and legal development. - Petrozavodsk: Publishing House of PetrSU, 2004.
See also
- Historical metrology
- Ancient Rome
- Ancient units
- Coin system of ancient Rome
- Symbols of ancient Roman monetary and weight units
- Symbols of ancient Greek monetary and weight units
Links
- Fundamental periods of the Universe and Worlds .
- Ancient Roman calendar .
- Interactive converter of quantities .
- Online calculator for conversion .
- A critical look at metrology .
- Unicode 5.2 standard: Ancient Roman characters ; Ancient greek symbols .
- An ounce in ESB .
- Ancient Roman units in the explanatory dictionary Stopudov.info