Nikolai Onufrievich Lossky ( 1870 - 1965 ) - Russian thinker, representative of Russian religious philosophy , one of the founders of the direction of intuitionism in philosophy .
| Nikolai Onufrievich Lossky | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Date of Birth | November 24 ( December 6 ) 1870 |
| Place of Birth | Kreslavka , Dinaburg district , Vitebsk province , Russian Empire |
| Date of death | January 24, 1965 ( 94) |
| Place of death | Paris , France |
| A country |  Russian Empire (1870-1917)  RSFSR (1917-1922)  Czechoslovakia (1922-1939)  Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (1939-1942)  Slovakia (1942-1945)  France (1945-1946; 1961-1965)  USA (1946-1961) |
| Academic degree | Master of Philosophy (1903) Doctor of Philosophy (1907) |
| Academic rank | Private Associate Professor (1900) Extraordinary Professor (1916) |
| Alma mater | |
| Language (s) of works | Russian |
| School / tradition | Russian religious philosophy , intuitionism |
| Direction | Western philosophy |
| Period | 20th century philosophy |
| Core interests | intuitionism, personalism , epistemology , axiology , ethics , aesthetics |
| Significant ideas | personalism |
| Influenced | G.V. Leibniz , I. Kant , G.V. F. Hegel , A. A. Kozlov , V. Wundt , V. Windelband , immanent philosophy , V. S. Solovyov , L. M. Lopatin , P. A Florensky |
| Influenced | Ayn Rand Vladimir Lossky |
Content
Biography
Born on November 24 ( December 6 ), 1870 in the town of Kreslavka ( Dinaburg district of Vitebsk province ) (now in Latvia ). Father - Russified Pole, Onufry Lossky, was Orthodox, Polish mother, Adelaide Przhilenskaya - Catholic. In 1872, Onufry Lossky, who previously worked as a forester, received the position of bailiff and moved with his family to Dagda .
Since 1881, Nikolai Lossky studied at the Vitebsk classical gymnasium , which he did not graduate from, since he was expelled in 1887 for promoting atheism and socialist teachings. He went to Switzerland, where he attended lectures at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Bern (1888-1889). Material difficulties forced Lossky to move to Algeria for a while, where he entered the French foreign legion [1] .
In the summer of 1889 he returned to Russia, where he attended accounting courses of F.V. Yezersky and from 1890 - the 8th graduation class at the gymnasium at the St. Petersburg Historical and Philological Institute . Then he studied at St. Petersburg University : in 1895 he graduated with a diploma of the 1st degree from the Natural Department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics; since 1894 he attended lectures at the Faculty of History and Philology, which he also graduated with a 1st degree diploma in 1898. He was left at the university to prepare for a professorship in the department of philosophy. In 1895-1899 he was a teacher at the Prince Oldenburgsky Women's College; since 1898 - taught at the gymnasium M.N. Stoyunina .
left N.O. Lossky, right A.S. Lomshakov .
Czechoslovakia, 1920s
Since 1900. - Private Associate Professor , since 1916 - extraordinary professor at St. Petersburg University. In 1903 he received a master’s degree in philosophy for his dissertation “Basic doctrines of psychology in terms of voluntarism” Doctor of Philosophy degree - in 1907 for the dissertation “Justification of Intuitionism”. Since 1907, he lectured at Bestuzhev courses . He also taught at the Women's Pedagogical Institute , the gymnasium of L. S. Tagantseva , the Psychoneurological Institute (1912), the 5th St. Petersburg gymnasium , at the historical and literary courses (1915) and at the Higher Courses at the biological laboratory of P. F. Lesgaft (1915-1916 )
Member, then board member of the Religious and Philosophical Society .
After the revolution of 1905 he joined the cadet party . After the revolution of 1917, he worked for some time in cadet organizations, in the summer of 1917 he published the brochure "What the Party of Popular Freedom Wants", but soon ceased party activity [2] .
After the revolution of 1917, he was deprived of the chair for a Christian worldview and in 1922 he was expelled from Russia as a large group of intelligentsia that did not accept Marxist ideology.
Until 1942, at the invitation of Masaryk, he lived in Prague ; He was a professor at the Russian People’s University . Since 1942 he was a professor of philosophy in Bratislava , in Slovakia. Since 1945, he lectured on philosophy at the St. Sergius Theological Institute in Paris . Since 1947, after moving to the United States (in 1946, he went to his youngest son Andrei) he taught in New York , at the St. Vladimir Theological Academy ; Professor in 1950-1953.
Last years he lived in Paris, where he died on January 24, 1965 . He was buried in the cemetery of Saint-Genevieve-des-Bois ; on his grave there is an inscription: “Lossky Nikolay Onufrievich, professor, 6.12.1870-24.01.1965” [3] .
Philosophy
- Lossky's intuitionism is a theory that develops philosophical problems related to the Christian interpretation of the world. Starting from the epistemological aspects, Lossky also deals with other main sections of philosophy.
- Lossky's epistemology is built on the basis of the proposition that a known object , even being a part of the external world, is included by the consciousness of the knowing subject directly into the personality , and therefore the existence of the object is not associated with the act of cognition. Such a teaching has received the name of intuitionism in the history of philosophy. Lossky distinguishes three types of intuition - sensual, intellectual and mystical. To explain the possibility of such an intuitive cognition, Lossky considers and develops many ontological propositions.
- Ontology. In the Lossky ontology, one of the main points is the position that the world is a kind of organic whole. Intuition, as a direct contemplation of other essences, is possible in this world, since man is also a super-temporal and super-spatial being , closely connected with the whole world.
- Axiology
- Ethics
- Aesthetics
Soul Theme
In the work “The Doctrine of Reincarnation, ” he wrote:
| The theory of the pre-existence of the soul and reincarnation, developed by Leibniz and mastered by me ... has never been condemned by the Church. ... at church prayers, e.g. on the contents of the requiem, the doctrine of reincarnation should not be reflected in any way. In the requiem, all attention is focused on the ultimate goal of human life, on his entry into the kingdom of God, where there is "no disease, no sorrow, no sighing, but life is endless." But in an individual prayer for the dead, a supporter of the doctrine of reincarnation can, of course, turn to God with a request for the blessing of the deceased on the new ways of his life, for the sending of the gifts of the Holy Spirit, etc. ... [4] |
Major works
Compositions
- "The basic teachings of psychology from the point of view of voluntarism" (1903; 2nd ed. - 1911). - PDF
- The idea of the immortality of the soul as a problem of the theory of knowledge. Questions of philosophy and psychology . - M. , 1910. - S. 488-503.
- "The rationale for intuitionism" (1906; 2nd ed. - 1908) ,
- "The moral personality of Tolstoy"
- "Introduction to Philosophy." Part I. "Introduction to the theory of knowledge" (1911; 2nd ed. - 1918). - PDF
- “The World as an Organic Whole” (1917) ,
- "The main issues of epistemology" (1919),
- Matter and life. Berlin: Obelisk, 1923 .-- 125 p.
- “Logic”: in 2 books. Part 1. “Judgment. The concept . " Part 2. “Proof. Inference. ” - Pg. , 1922; 2nd ed. (corrected and supplemented) - Berlin, 1923.
- N. Berdyaev. About the appointment of a person (review) . // path . - 1925. - No. 1. - S. 90-91.
- Vl. Solovyov and his successors in Russian religious philosophy . // Way. - 1926. - No. 2. - S. 13-25.
- Rev. Sergius of Radonezh and Seraphim of Sarov (regarding the book of B. Zaitsev and Vl. Ilyin) . // Way. - 1926. - No. 2. - S. 153-156.
- Successors of Vl. Solovyov . // Way. - 1926. - No. 3. - S. 14-28.
- Free will . - Paris: Ymca-press, 1927.
- Technical culture and Christian ideal . // Way. - 1928. - No. 9. - S. 3-13.
- Fr W. Foerster. Religion und Characterbilding (review) . // Way. - 1928. - No. 9. - S. 95-96.
- "Mythical" and modern scientific thinking . // Way. - 1928. - No. 14. - S. 31–55.
- “Value and Existence” (1931, 1935, in the modern Russian publication “Value and Being”) ,
- “God and the kingdom of God as the basis of values” (1931),
- "Types of worldviews" (1931) ,
- About the resurrection in the flesh // Way. - 1931. - No. 26. - S. 61-85.
- B. Vysheslavtsev. Heart in Christian and Indian mysticism. (Review) // The Way. - 1931. - No. 28. - S. 106-107
- Freedom and economic democracy . // New City. - 1932. - No. 3. - S. 54-59.
- B. Vysheslavtsev. Ethics of the transformed eros. (Review) // Novy Grad. - 1932. - No. 3. - S. 89-91.
- Magic and Christian cult . // Way. - 1932. - No. 36. - S. 3-16.
- Visions of saints and mystics . // Way. - 1934. - No. 43. - S. 17—34.
- Dialectical materialism in the USSR . - Paris: Ymca-Press. 1934
- Industrialism, communism and the loss of personality . // New City. - 1936. - No. 11. - S. 99-110.
- Open letter to N. A. Berdyaev . // Way. - 1936. - No. 50. - S. 27—32.
- On the creation of the world by God . // Way. - 1937. - No. 51. - S. 3-22.
- B. Iasinowski: Wschodnie Chxzestijanstwo à Rosja . // Way. - 1937. - No. 51. - S. 68-74.
- Husserl's transcendental phenomenological idealism . // Way. - 1939. - No. 60. - S. 37-56.
- The economic system and intellectualization of society . // New City. - 1939. - No. 14. - S. 69-78.
- Lev Shestov as a philosopher . // Russian notes. - 1939. - No. 15. - S. 131-146.
- “Sensual, intellectual and mystical intuition” (1938);
- “Intellectual intuition and ideal being, creative activity”,
- "Evolution and ideal being",
- Mystical Intuition
- God and world evil. Fundamentals of Theodicy. Prague: For the Church Publishing House, 1941, 92 pp.
- “Conditions of Absolute Good” (1944),
- Dostoevsky and his Christian worldview . - New York, 1953. - 406 c.
- History of Russian Philosophy
- "A Public Introduction to Philosophy." (Frankfurt M., 1956),
- "The character of the Russian people." (Frankfurt M., 1957) ,
- “Memories are life and the philosophical path.” (Munich, 1968) ,
- The doctrine of reincarnation . - M. , 1992),
- "The world as the exercise of beauty." The basics of aesthetics. - M. , 1998.
- Communism and philosophical worldview. - Berlin, 1923.
Translations
Among the most important creative accomplishments of Lossky is his Russian translation of Kant 's Critique of Pure Reason (the third in a row). Published for the first time in 1907, it became the basis for all subsequent Russian editions of this work of the German philosopher.
Bibliography
- Lossky N.O. Dostoevsky and his Christian outlook. New York: Chekhov Publishing House, 1953. 406 p.
- Lossky N. O. History of Russian philosophy. - M .: Higher school, 1991; - M .: Svarog and K, 2000; - M .: Academic project , 2011. - ISBN 978-5-8291-1274-5 .
- Lossky N. O. History of Russian philosophy. - M .: Soviet writer, 1991.- 482 p.
- Lossky N.O. Value and Being. - M .: AST, 2000.
- Lossky N.O. Memoirs: Life and the Philosophical Path. - M .: Russian Way , 2009 .-- ISBN 978-5-98454-012-4 .
- Lossky N.O. Value and Being. God and the Kingdom of God as the foundation of values . - Paris: YMCA PRESS, 1931.
- Lossky N.O. Logic. Part I. - Berlin: The Obelisk, 1923. - 167 p.
- Lossky N.O. On the fight against sin. // Bulletin of the RSHD. Paris - New York, 1955. - No. 39. - S. 14-17
Notes
- ↑ Kolupaev V. Russians in the Foreign Legion // “School”. - 2001. - No. 6. - S. 88-95.
- ↑ Borzova E.P. Nikolai Onufrievich Lossky: philosophical searches. SPbKO, 2008.
- ↑ Spout B.M. Saint-Genevieve-des-Bois. Russian churchyard in the suburbs of Paris. - M .: Algorithm, 2015. - S. 204.
- ↑ Lossky N.O. The doctrine of reincarnation. Intuitionism . - M .: Publishing group "Progress", 1992.
Literature
- Lossky N.O. / N.V. Motroshilova // New Philosophical Encyclopedia : in 4 volumes / before. scientific ed. Council V. S. Styopin . - 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Thought , 2010 .-- 2816 p.
- Nikolai Lossky: Bibliography / Comp. B. and N. Lossky. - Paris: Institut d'etudes slaves, 1978.- 129 p.
- Ermichev A.A. Strokes to the understanding of philosophy by N.O. Lossky // Moscow University Herald . - Series 7. Philosophy. - 1993. - No. 4. - S. 64-69.
- Ermichev A. A., Nikulin A. G. A. I. Vvedensky and N. O. Lossky: criticism and intuition at St. Petersburg University // Veche. Almanac of Russian philosophy and culture. Issue 12. - St. Petersburg. , 1999. - S. 87-105.
- Ovcharov A. A. Fundamentals of the ideal-realistic theory of intuition: (Analysis of N. O. Lossky's intuitionism in the context of phenomenology and philosophy of unity). - Kemerovo: Kuzbassvuzizdat, 1999 .-- 215 p.
- Korolkova E. A. Ontology of evil in the philosophy of N. O. Lossky // Russian Philosophy. Concept. Personalities. Method of teaching. - SPb. , 2001. - S. 74-75.
- Shalimov P. B. N. O. Lossky as a historian of Russian philosophy. - M. , 1993.
Links
- Tribunsky P.A., Sidorchuk I.V., Rostovtsev E.A. Lossky Nikolay Onufrievich // Biography of St. Petersburg State University
- Lossky Nikolay Onufrievich on the Chronos website
- N.O. Lossky. Essay on own philosophy