Oromo , also galla (self-name - Afaan Oromoo ) - the language of the Cushite branch of the Afrasian language macro-family . Distributed in eastern North Africa, in the peninsula of Somalia , Ethiopia and northern Kenya . It is native to approximately 25 million people (mostly Oromo ).
| Oromo | |
|---|---|
| Self name | Afaan Oromoo, Oromiffa |
| Country |  Ethiopia  Somalia  Kenya |
| Regions | East africa |
| Total number of speakers | 25 million |
| Rating | 49 |
| Classification | |
| Category | African languages |
Afrasian languages
| |
| Writing | Latin alphabet (previously used Ethiopian alphabet ) |
| Language Codes | |
| GOST 7.75–97 | ohm 522 |
| ISO 639-1 | om |
| ISO 639-2 | orm |
| ISO 639-3 | orm |
| Ethnologue | |
| ABS ASCL | |
| IETF | |
| Glottolog | |
Earlier, the term “galla” was applied to both the people and the language, but it is not used in modern literature.
Content
Writing
Oromo mainly uses a slightly modified Latin alphabet called Qubee , but the Arabic alphabet is also used. In the past, the Ethiopian alphabet was used .
The Ethiopian letter to the Oromo language (taking into account 4 meaningful tones ) was adapted in 1977 and was used until 1991. Periodicals appear on Oromo: since 1976, the weekly “Berissa” (Dawn). However, back in 1970, the insurgent Liberal Front of the Oromo (OLF; Adda Bilisummaa Oromoo) announced the transition to the Latin alphabet (Oromiffa) following the example of the Somalis . At present, the newspaper Oromiya is being published in Ethiopia .
In 1956, near the Ethiopian city of Harar, Sheikh Bakri Sapalo composed a syllabary structurally close to Ethiopian, the basic signs and vocalizations of which were invented independently.
The modern Oromo alphabet: A a, B b, Ch ch, C c, D d, Dh dh, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, Ny ny, O o, P p, Ph ph, Q q, R r, S s, Sh sh, T t, X x, U u, W w, Y y, Z z, ' [1] .
Wikipedia in the Oromo language
There is a Wikipedia section in the Oromo language (“ Wikipedia in the Oromo language ”), the first revision was made in 2002 [2] . As of 17:02 ( UTC ) on August 12, 2019, the section contains 787 articles (total number of pages - 3263); 6453 participants are registered in it, one of them has administrator status; 24 participants have performed any actions in the last 30 days; the total number of edits during the existence of the section is 31,460 [3] .
Dialects
Oromo is a dialect continuum ; not all its dialects are mutually understandable , therefore Oromo is not always recognized as a single language. Thus, the authors of the atlas Ethnologue , who consider the Oromo to be a macro language, distinguish the following languages in its composition:
- borana-arsi-guji
- Oriental Oromo
- Orma
- West-Central Oromo. [four]
Sociolinguistic Characteristics
For a long time, Oromo was used exclusively in the domestic sphere. However, since 1991, the language has gained official status in the Oromiya region of Ethiopia and is currently used there as the language of education and legal proceedings; It is taught as a subject and used as a language of instruction in primary and secondary schools, as well as in various universities in Ethiopia, in particular, in the universities of Addis Ababa , Jimma , Haremaya and Rift Valley . [5] In Kenya, broadcasting in the Oromo language (in the Boran dialect) at Voice of Kenia has been in progress since at least the 1980s.
Features
In Oromo, as in many other Afro-Asian languages , there are ejective consonants ; a rarer phonological feature is the presence of an implosive retroflex explosive [ᶑ]. Phonemes / p /, / v /, / z / are found only in recently borrowed words.
Oromo - a language with musical emphasis ; emphasis may begin on the penultimate or last root syllable . [6] Stress is used as a morphological tool, for example, as an indicator of the genitive on the final syllable of the last word in the possessive noun phrase (along with lengthening of the vowel in this syllable):
| mana | nam áa [7] |
| house | man: GEN |
| 'man's house' | |
| mana | qot úu [7] |
| house | farmer: GEN |
| 'farmer's house' | |
Gemination , as in other Afro-Asian languages ( Berber , Amharic , Hebrew ), can be meaningful, for example: badaa - 'bad', baddaa - 'highlands'.
In Oromo, the case system with the main cases ( nominative , genitive , dative , accusative , instrumental , locative , ablative ) is represented. The peculiarity of Oromo is that the unmarked case is not a nominative, but an accusative.
In the verb inflection, the main distinction is made between perfection and imperfect ; there is a form for expressing the present tense plan in complex sentences , jussive and negation in the present tense, as well as a separate form of the imperative . There are several classes of conjugation . From the verb stem can be formed passive , causative , medium voice and freventive .
Typological Characteristics
Grammar Expression
Oromo is a synthetic language . Grammatical meanings are expressed mainly by suffixes ; Prefixes are less commonly used. The verb expresses up to 6-7 categories [8] using rich affixal morphology:
| súura | ifi | namaa-f | hin-xánnu [9] |
| the photo | yourself: GEN | 'anyone'-dat | NEG-give: 1SG: IMPF |
| 'I do not give anyone my photo (photograph of myself).' | |||
| inni | kan-ᶑiyoo | fag-eess-ee | ilaal-a [10] |
| he: NOM | COMP-close | far-CAUS3-3M: PF-CON | see-3M: IMPF |
| 'He is myopic.' / lit .: “He sees that which is close, as if it were far away.” | |||
| áni | manáa | n-jír-a [11] |
| I | house | 1SG-to-1SG: IMPF |
| 'I'm at home.' | ||
In addition to affixes , there are a limited number of clients :
| ní = | gad = | déem- | acci- | siis- | t- | aníi- | n [12] |
| Foc = | down = | go- | SUBJREFL- | CAUS- | 2- | Pl- | INST |
| 'You force (someone) to bring (this) for his own good.' | |||||||
Borders between morphemes
In works on Oromo, there is a classification of language as agglutinative . [13] [14] Morphemes in Oromo, however, are predominantly cumulative, which suggests its inflectivity : for example, the root of a noun expresses its genus in most cases, the root of an adjective is a number (the plural is formed by reducing the first syllable of the root); cumulatively and most suffixes in verb inflection:
| díim-aa | díim-tuu | diddíim-aa (or: dimdíim-aa ) | diddíim-tuu [15] |
| red: SG-M | red: SG-F | red: PL-M | red: PL-F |
| red | red | red (m.) | red (w.) |
| muk-ni | Tolasaa-tiin | mur-am- e [16] |
| tree-nom | Tolas-INST | chop-PASS- 3SG: M: PF |
| 'The tree was cut down by Tolasa.' | ||
Phonological phenomena at the junctions of morphemes are present, but are regular; for example, / l / and / r / assimilate the following / n / :
| baal | + | n i | → | báal- l i [17] |
| sheet | Nom | NOM sheet | ||
| 'tree leaf)' | ||||
| jir | + | n a | → | jír- r a [17] |
| live | 2PL: IMPF | live-2PL: IMPF | ||
| 'we are living' | ||||
It is possible to attach several indicators of the same grammatical category, in particular, in the formation of the plural of names (the plural is not mandatory and is used when it is important to show plurality; the name in the form of the singular can refer to both one entity and the set ):
| man-oota | mann-een-ota | mann-een-otaa-wwan [14] |
| house-pl | house-pl-pl | house-PL-PL-PL |
| 'home' | ||
Marking
Naming Marking
In a possessive noun phrase, labeling is dependent ; the last word in the noun group is marked with a genitive indicator:
| bif-níi | sárée | fakkóotaa [18] |
| color-nom | dog: GEN | be ugly |
| 'This dog is a nasty color.' | ||
| bif-níi | sárée | gúddóo | suní | fakkóotaa [18] |
| color-nom | dog | big | thats: GEN | be ugly |
| 'That big dog has a nasty color.' | ||||
At the same time, a non-final assessor (that is, one that also has an accessory) is not marked:
| abáa | jaalá | namiccá | suní | him-béexu [19] |
| father | friend | person | thats: GEN | NEG-know: 1SG |
| 'I do not know the father of a friend of that person.' | ||||
Prediction Marking
In predication, dependent marking prevails (the dependent has indicators of number and case ); there is an element of vertex marking : the verb has an indicator of the person , number, and also gender of the subject in the third person singular (usually cumulative). Indicators of instrumental and beneficial dative cases are attached to the dependent and optionally to the top:
| k'oottoo | c'ap-t'uu-n | muxa | fottee-se [20] |
| ax | break-f-instr | tree | chop-3SG: M: PF |
| 'He chopped a tree with a broken ax.' | |||
| ibidda | angafa | xanaa-f | d'aam-see-f [21] |
| the fire | Older brother) | this-dat | stew-3SG: M: PF-DAT |
| 'He put out the fire for this older brother.' | |||
Role Encoding
Oromo is an accurate role-playing encoding . Oromo's peculiarity is a marked nominative and an unmarked accusative (sometimes the name “ absolute case” is used [22] [23] , although this term is usually applied to ergative languages ):
| gurbaa-n | fiig-e [24] |
| boy-nom | run-3M: PF |
| 'The boy ran away.' | |
| gurbaa-n | muka | kut-e [25] |
| boy-nom | tree | hack-3M: PF |
| 'The boy cut down a tree.' | ||
| inni | mana | ijaar-e [26] |
| he: NOM | house | build-3M: PF |
| 'He built a house.' | ||
| man-ni | gub-at-e [26] |
| home-nom | Burn-MID-3M: PF |
| 'The house burned down.' | |
Word Order
The dominant word order in oromo is SOV . The verb is in last place; in the postposition, one component of the verb group is possible, marked intonationally (pause and lower tone ):
| d'úfé, | inníi [27] |
| coming: 3SG: M: PF | he |
| 'He came.' | |
| ní-m-beexa, | akka | inníi | behe [27] |
| FOC-1SG-Know: PF | what | he | leave: 3SG: M: PF |
| 'I know that he is gone.' | |||
The word order located in the sentence before the verb is quite free.
Notes
- ↑ Teferi Degeneh Bijiga. The Development of Oromo Writing System. - University of Kent, 2015 .-- P. 229. - 288 p.
- ↑ Wikipedia in Oromo language: first edit
- ↑ Wikipedia in the Oromo language: statistics page
- ↑ Oromo , Ethnologue . Date of treatment December 23, 2016.
- ↑ Fufa 2009: 6
- ↑ Owens 1985: 29
- ↑ 1 2 Ali and Zaborski 1990: 33
- ↑ Owens 1985; Heine 1981
- ↑ Owens 1985: 187
- ↑ Fufa 2009: 22
- ↑ Ali and Zaborski 1990: 6
- ↑ Owens 1985: 60
- ↑ Kula Kekeba Tune, Vasudeva Varma, Prasad Pingali. Evaluation of Oromo-English Cross-Language Information Retrieval ( IJCAI 2007 Workshop on CLIA, Hyderabad, India. - 2007.
- ↑ 1 2 Kekeba and Varma 2007
- ↑ Ali and Zaborski 1990: 17
- ↑ Fufa 2009: 99
- ↑ 1 2 Ali and Zaborski 1990: xiii
- ↑ 1 2 Owens 1985: 103
- ↑ Owens 1985: 104
- ↑ Owens 1985: 117
- ↑ Owens 1985: 119
- ↑ Fufa 2009
- ↑ Owens 1985
- ↑ Fufa 2009: 15
- ↑ Fufa 2009: 113
- ↑ 1 2 Fufa 2009: 81
- ↑ 1 2 Owens 1985: 129
Literature
Grammar
- Ali, Mohamed. Handbook of the Oromo Language . - Wroclaw, Poland: Polska Akademia Nauk, 1990 .-- ISBN 83-04-03316-X . (inaccessible link)
- Griefenow-Mewis, Catherine. Lehrbuch des Oromo . - Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, 1994 .-- ISBN 3-927620-05-X . (inaccessible link)
- Griefenow-Mewis, Catherine. A Grammatical Sketch of Written Oromo (Language and dialect atlas of Kenya, 4.) . - Köln, Germany: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, 2001. - ISBN 3-89645-039-5 . (inaccessible link)
- Heine, Bernd. The Waata Dialect of Oromo: Grammatical Sketch and Vocabulary. - Berlin: Dietrich Reimer, 1981. - ISBN 3496001747 .
- Hodson, Arnold Weinholt. An elementary and practical grammar of the Galla or Oromo language. - London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1922.
- Owens, Jonathan. A Grammar of Harar Oromo. - Hamburg: Buske, 1985 .-- ISBN 3871187178 .
- Praetorius, Franz. Zur Grammatik der Gallasprache. - Hildesheim; New York: G. Olms, 1973. - ISBN 3-487-06556-8 .
- Roba, Taha M. Modern Afaan Oromo grammar: qaanqee galma Afaan Oromo. - Bloomington, IN: Authorhouse, 2004 .-- ISBN 1-4184-7480-0 .
- Stroomer, Harry. A comparative study of three Southern Oromo dialects in Kenya . - Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag, 1987 .-- ISBN 3-87118-846-8 . (inaccessible link)
- Tolemariam Fufa. A Typology of Verbal Derivation in Ethiopian Afro-Asiatic Languages . - Utrecht: LOT, 2009 .-- 220 p. - ISBN 978-94-6093-013-3 .
Dictionaries
- Bramly, A. Jennings. English-Oromo-Amharic Vocabulary. - [Typescript in Khartoum University Library], 1909.
- Foot, Edwin C. An Oromo-English, English-Oromo dictionary. - Cambridge University Press (repr. Farnborough, Gregg), 1968. - ISBN 0-576-11622-X .
- Gragg, Gene B. et al. (ed., 1982) Oromo Dictionary . Monograph (Michigan State University. Committee on Northeast African Studies) no. 12. East Lansing, Mich. : African Studies Center, Michigan State Univ.
- Mayer, Johannes. Kurze Wörter-Sammlung in Englisch, Deutsch, Amharisch, Oromonisch, Guragesch, hrsg. von L. Krapf . - Basel: Pilgermissions-Buchsdruckerei St. Chrischona, 1878.
- Tamene Bitima. A dictionary of Oromo technical terms. Oromo - English . - Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, 2000. - ISBN 3-89645-062-X . (inaccessible link)
- Stroomer, Harry. A concise vocabulary of Orma Oromo (Kenya): Orma-English, English-Orma. - Köln: Rudiger Köppe, 2001.
- Tilahun Gamta. Oromo-English dictionary. - Addis Ababa: University Printing Press, 1989.
Other scientific works
- Kula Kekeba Tune, Vasudeva Varma. Oromo-English Information Retrieval Experiments at CLEF 2007 (Eng.) // CLEF 2007 Working Notes. - 2007.
Links
- Oromo - English Dictionary (wwww.oromodictionary.com)
- Online Afaan Oromoo - Qubee Dictionary
- Ethnologue report for Oromo .
- Voice of America news broadcast in Afaan Oromo .
- Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement (OFDM) website contains many articles written in Oromo and audio.
- PanAfriL10n page on Oromo
- HornMorpho : software for morphological analysis and generation of Oromo (and Amharic and Tigrinya) words
- 500 Word Afaan Oromifa Dictionary