Siberian line

Map of the lands of the Siberian Linear Cossack Army, and the Separate Tobolsk and Tomsk Horse Regiments, and the Separate Tobolsk Foot Battalion in Western Siberia in 1858

The creation of a developed system of defensive lines from fortresses , outposts and redoubts in the south-west of Siberia , as well as a system of military-industrial, military-administrative, trade and economic centers in the vast Siberian region in the XVII - XVIII centuries, was the most important historical moment in the emergence of Siberian cities, the origin and development of which, in one way or another, was associated with the mighty Siberian rivers Ob , Irtysh , Yenisei and their tributaries. Initially, defense outposts were built radially from the Tomsk prison (administrative center of the Tomsk rank ) - primarily in the east (Ketsky (1596), Semiluzhny (1609), Kuznetsk (1618), Melesky (1621), Achinsky (1641)), then south (Urtamsky (1684), Umrevinsky (1703), Chausky (1713), Berdsky (1716), Kainsky (1722), Semipalatinsky and others), merging with the line of prison houses, built from the Urals and along the Great Steppe. In the harsh climatic conditions of Siberia , the navigation period was very short, this was not enough for the growing trade needs of growing cities and over time, in the middle of the XVIII century, under the protection of these fortresses, the horse-drawn Siberian tract appeared beyond the Urals.

In 1716, an expedition led by I. D. Buchholz, by decree of Peter the Great , laid the foundation of the Siberian line by building fortified towns and jails along the Irtysh River .

By the middle of the XVIII century, the Siberian line of fortifications covered a huge territory from the Urals to Altai, but despite the active construction of fortresses and fortifications, it had a weak defensive system.

In 1752, the Senate issued a decree on the construction of a new line of fortifications, the construction of hexagonal fortresses is planned, the created line was called New. All fortresses, outposts of the Irtysh and Ishim lines underwent reconstruction. Omsk fortress became in 1764 the main fortress of the Siberian border lines.

In 1764, all the Cossacks who were stationed in Siberian cities and along the line received the name “Siberian Line of Cossacks”. ^[3] Cossacks, defending Ishim, Irtysh, Kolyvan and Kuznetsk lines, in 1808 were united into the Siberian Linear Cossack army .

By the end of the XVIII century , after the construction of the system of South Siberian defensive lines, which became a reliable shield from invasions of the nomads, most of the fortresses, having lost their defensive functions, were abolished. Wooden structures of fortresses decay and gradually disappear.

• Fortresses were the main, heavily armed strongholds. At the fortress there was a forstadt or Cossack settlement, planned as a settlement adjacent to the fortified city, fortified with a retranschement and redan . The bastion profile consisted of a palisade or a zaploth and a small mound adjoining from the outside, with a moat in front. Behind the counter-escarp of the moat, at a small distance from it, there was a row of slingshots, and in front of them there was still a row of grooves.

• The redoubts had a square mark with a side of about 20 soot. In the corners were protrusions in the form of bastions . The fortification fence consisted of a palisade adapted for firing a gun. On the outside, an embankment with a moat to the chest height was adjacent to it. Behind the counter-escarp, there was a series of slingshots and grooves.

• Outposts by the way they were fenced were similar to redoubts, but differed in their size. Large outposts were located in the form of a square with a side of 30 or more fathoms. Small outposts were fewer redoubts.

• The stations were redoubts with a side of 10 fathoms and ledges at the corners. Of these, the two opposite ones had the appearance of bastions and were each armed with one gun. The other two ledges were square in shape and consisted of open defense barracks . Inside the fence, which was surrounded by a row of hinges and slingshots.

Since 1716, an expedition led by I. D. Bukhholtz laid a number of fortresses up from Omsk along the Irtysh River. In 1716, a prison was founded near Lake Yamyshevsky; in 1717, between the Omsk fortress and the Yamyshevsky detachment of the Tara Cossacks laid the Zhelezinsky fortress . In 1718, Semipalatinsk arose, in 1720 - Pavlodar and Ust-Kamenogorsk . Ubinskaya ( 1718 ), Polon-Karagai ( 1718 ) fortresses were built.

Only in the early 1740s. 7 intermediate outposts were built between the fortresses: Achairsky, Cherlaksky, Osmoryzhsky, Chernoretsky, Koryakovsky, Semiyarsky and Ubinsky. Trips between strongholds were extremely rare and not regular. Only after 1745 can we talk about the addition of the Irtysh fortified line.

In January 1746, lieutenant engineer A. Seliverstov, based on the intelligence of warrant officer Dolbilov, made an estimate of the Irtysh line, abandoning the construction of fortifications north of the Omsk fortress . The commander of the Siberian Corps, Major General Kh. Kh. Kinderman and the Siberian Governor A. I. Sukharev, approved a new estimate in February of that year. This included 5 fortresses, 7 large outposts, 1 Shulba plant, 21 small redoubts and 37 lighthouses, a total of 71 strongholds. In the summer of 1746, stanza (small) redoubts were already laid in the tracts: Rooks, Cheremkhova Zaboki, White Stone, Deaf Staritsa, in Ozerki and Uvarov. In 1745-1747, according to Pavlutsky , it was built from the Omsk fortress to the Kolyvan outposts plant 10, stanzas 23, and between them 1-2 lighthouses. In the autumn of 1747, the construction of the Irtysh fortified line almost ended. But its development continued.

In May 1755, there were 5 fortresses, 9 outposts, 23 stations and 35 lighthouses on the Irtysh line, a total of 72 strong points. The average distance between them was 12 miles. At the beginning of 1762, the number of strongpoints increased to 81. After 30 years, new redoubts appeared on the line, growing on the site of half lighthouses and other settlements: Pokrovsky (in the village), Atmasky. Bashmachny, Bobrovsky, Kachirsky, Fresh, Lime, Staro-Semipalatinsk (in place of the old fortress), Grigorievsky and Georgievsky. An increase in the number of strongholds increased the efficiency of border protection, much less tiring the horse traveling teams.

In 1763, Lieutenant General I.I. Springer was appointed commander of the Siberian Lines. By order of Catherine II, he was commissioned to erect a line of fortifications in Altai. Springer chose Omsk fortress as his place of residence.

The fortresses of the Irtysh line - Omskaya (in 1745 and 1768), Ust-Kamenogorsk (in 1765), Yamyshevskaya (in 1766-1767), Semipalatinsk (in 1776-1777) - were transferred to new places and rebuilt .

In 1785, there were 5 fortresses , 12 outposts, 20 stations and 1 village on the Irtysh line: Omsk fortress , Ust-Zaostrovskaya station, Achairsky outpost, Pokrovskoye village, Izylbashskaya station, Solyany turn station, Charlakovsky outpost, Tatarskaya station, Urlyutyubskaya station, fortress Zhelezinka , Pyatoryzhskaya station advanced post Osmoryzhsky, Sandy station advanced post Chernoretsk, Chernoyarsky station advanced post Koryakovsky station Podstepnoe, fortress Yamishevskay station black, advanced post Lebyazhy station Podspusknaya station curve outpost Seven rsky, Grachevsky station, the station Cheremkhovo Zabok, outpost Dolonsky station White Stone, Gluhovskaya station Semipalatnaya castle , station Ozernaya outpost Talitskii outpost Shulbinsky station Presnoyarskaya outpost Uba, Barashkova station outpost Krasnoyarsk, Uvarov station Ust-Kamenogorsk fortress ^[4] .

In 1785-1793, the Irtysh line was extended to the southeast: another 170 kilometers of the Bukhtarma line were added to 932 kilometers. ^[5]

An alarming situation in the south of Western Siberia led to the creation of a new border line - Ishimskaya , which covered the space from Kurgan to Omsk and was built in the 1730s . This defensive line included about 60 fortified villages. In total, it covered significant areas of land in the corner formed by Tobol and Irtysh , circling the steppe in an arc. It stretched from the Utyatsky outpost down the Tobolu river, through Tsarevo Gorodishche, Ikovskaya Sloboda, on the right bank of the Tobol through the village of Shmakovskoye, Verkh-Suerskaya and Emurtlinskaya Sloboda, Rafailovskaya Zaimka, the village of Omutnaya, Ust-Lamensky Sloboda, the village of Malyshkino, the village of Malyshkino, the village of Koryshkino, the village outpost, Firsov village further down the river Ishim to Abatskoy settlement, on the other side of the river through the village Ikovskuyu, Rogalihinskuyu, Zudilovskuyu, Yeisk outpost, Ust-Byzovskuyu village Bolsheretsky outpost , villages and desert Beteinskuyu (modern Gore bitiya th) and is connected to the Omsk fortress .

The fortifications of the Ishim line stretched as a broken line, which required a significant expenditure of forces and means for its maintenance. In this regard, in 1752, a new direct line was built to the 576-kilometer Tobolo-Ishim line, otherwise called the Presnogorkovsky line (in the Ishim steppe there were many fresh and salty lakes that make up the Kamyshlovsky log - the ancient channel of the Kamyshlovka river that flows into the Irtysh). She was also called Gorky, and sometimes they distinguished Presnogorkovskaya (from the Siberian village to Petropavlovsk ) and Gorky (from Petropavlovsk to Omsk).

In total, on the Tobolo-Ishim line, it was decided to build two hexagonal fortresses, nine quadrangular, 33 redoubts and 42 lighthouses from the Omsk fortress to the Zvernaya Golova tract. But during the construction it turned out that the place was chosen poorly: the line ran through a marshy, swampy place, with salt lakes. Fortifications due to lack of fresh water have been tolerated more than once.

By the end of the 18th century, there were 9 fortresses on the Tobolo-Ishim line and only 16 redoubts, which were located in the following order and connected the Orenburg line with the Irtysh line: Peschany redoubt , Presnogorkovsky fortress, Presnogorkovsky redoubt , Kabanya fortress , Presnoizbiznaya fortress , Presotneznaya fortress , red Sarzhansky redoubt, Dubrovny redoubt , Stanovaya fortress , Gagariy redoubt, Skopin redoubt , St. Peter fortress , Flat redoubt , Midday fortress , Bear redoubt, Pure clean redoubt , Swan fortress , Losev redoubt , Niko fortress laevskaya , Volchiy redoubt , Pokrovskaya fortress , Kurgan redoubt, Stepnoy redoubt, Mill redoubt ^[6] .

The Irtysh and Tobolo-Ishim lines opposed the Dzungarian Khanate and (to a lesser extent) the Middle Kazakh Zhuz. The Tobolo-Ishim line connected the Orenburg and Irtysh lines and created the conditions for the successful development of the territory of the Trans-Urals and the south of Western Siberia . By the end of the 18th century, it actually lost its military significance.

The system of defensive fortifications was created by decree of the Senate of 1741. Its eastern part covered the left-bank zone of the northern Sayan region. The fortification system included the Sayan fort , departing guards on the rivers Monok , Tashtyp , Shadat , Kebezh , Narysa .

At the beginning of the 17th century, the Kuznetsk fort was the southernmost Russian fortified point in Western Siberia, and the unknown Altai lay to the south. Only at the beginning of the 18th century did the Russian empire decide to more actively explore southern Siberia . With the growing need of the population for agriculture, the protection of people and the discovery of ore deposits in Altai , the construction of new fortresses was associated.

On June 18, 1709, the Bikatunsky prison was laid for the protection of yasak volosts. The ostog was equipped with several cannons of small caliber. In the summer of 1710, the prison was burned by the Dzungars during a retreat after the unsuccessful siege of the Kuznetsk fortress. In July 1718 the fortress was restored. New Russian strongholds grow along the Ob: Beloyarsky Ostrog ( 1717 ), Malyshevskaya Sloboda.

In 1727, Akinfiy Demidov founded the Kolyvano- Resurrection factories in the Ob River basin. New city-plants were born - Barnaul ( 1730 ), Zmeinogorsk ( 1736 ) and others. After the death of Demidov in 1747 , his property passed into the hands of the Cabinet of Her Imperial Majesty , as a result of which the Kolyvano-Voskresensky mountain district was organized.

In 1747, by decree of the Senate , the construction of the Kolyvano-Voskresensky guard line began, which became an integral part of the Kolyvan and Kuznetsk fortified lines, to protect the Altai factories from attacks by Kyrgyz-Kaisak and Kalmyks ^[7] .

In the history of the Kolyvan and Kuznetsk lines, three stages should be distinguished.

The first stage began in 1738 with the practice of regular trips between the main strongholds built earlier on the right bank of the river. Obi. It was the so-called old Kuznetsk line. In the summer, she was sometimes associated with the Kuzdeevsky guard and further with Kuznetsk.

The second stage was begun by the construction of the old Kolyvan line in 1745 . This line connected the old Kuznetsk line and the Irtysh line (construction date 1745 - 1747 ).

In 1748, the Anui fortress was laid on the Anui River , and the Katunsky Fortress on the Katun River. In 1749, the Shemanaevsky and Krasnoyarsk outposts were laid.

The old Kolyvan and Kuznetsk lines included three fortresses - Biyskaya, Katunskaya, Anuyskaya, seven outposts - Shulbinsky, Krasnoyarsky, Shemanaevsky, St. Catherine , Aleisky, Nikolaevsky, Flavinsky, four stations - Spasskaya, Kamikhskaya, Belaya and Bekhtemirskaya, two plants - Shulba and Kolyvan, Zmeevsky mine and Kazan redoubt.

At that time, the fortifications of Kuznetsk were wood-earth. In addition to the city wall, there was a citadel built of ramparts poured in a quadrangle with bastions at the corners and with two gates over which there were wooden towers.

In the late 1750s, in the territory adjacent to Ust-Kamenogorsk , the settled population turned out to be outside the watch line. Therefore, there was a need to build a new line south of the old one. This was also demanded by the foreign policy danger from China, which could also occupy these territories.

In 1764, preparations began for the construction of the new Kolyvan and Kuznetsk lines. But the main work was begun only in 1764 .

In 1768, the Kolyvan and Kuznetsk lines were fortified with three fortresses (Anui, Katun, Biysk), the rest of the line consisted of outposts (Verkhaleysky, Tigeretsky, Charyshsky, Antonyevsky, Nikolaev, Saydypsky, Kuzedeevsky), redoubts (Bobrovsky, Ubinsky, Flat, Beloretsky , Tulatinsky, morality Horn Terskaya, Smolenski) beacons (Ulbinsky, Klyuchevskii Yarovskaya, Sosnowski , Sludensky, Behtemirsky, Novikov, Swan, Saylapsky, Nizhneneninsky, Uruninsky, Kayrakansky, Verhneneninsky, Sarychumyshsky) and polumayakov (Pyshtyli sky, Kandalepsky). The small number of fortresses was explained by the fact that the mountainous terrain was a reliable barrier, the government and local authorities, aware of the imminent advance further south, did not want to spend money and effort on building fortresses. In 1785, between the Kuznetsk and the Kuzedeevsky outposts, the villages of Ashmarinskaya and Kaltanskaya were fortified with redoubts. In the 1790s, all lighthouses on the Kuznetsk line began to be called stanza redoubts.

At the end of the XVIII century, the wood-earth fortifications of Kuznetsk dilapidated. But the city of Kuznetsk still remained an important stronghold on the eastern flank of the grandiose linear border system, so in 1798 a decision was made to build a new fortress .

In this form, the Kolyvan and Kuznetsk lines (referred to as the Biysk line in recent years) lasted until the middle of the 19th century, when all the old Siberian linear strongholds were removed from the balance of the Ministry of War.

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