Miftakhetdin Akmulla

Born on December 14 (27), 1831 in the village of Tuxanbaevo of the Kulil-Minsk volost of the Belebeevsky district of the Orenburg province (currently the Miyakinsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan ).

According to revision tales of the 19th century, father is Kamaletdin Iskuzhin (born in 1805), a designated imam, mother is Bibiummugulsum Salimyanova (born in 1809), both of them are Bashkirs, peers of the Kulil-Minsk volost of Belebeyevsky district ^{[6] [7]} . According to Kazakh researchers, the father of Akmulla is Kazakh Muhammedyar. ^{[eight] [9]} Riza Fakhretdin writes that his father was a Bashkir and his mother was from “Kazan” ^{[10] [11]} .

The future poet received his primary education in his native village, studied at the madrasahs of the neighboring villages of Menouztamak and Anyasovo , was a shakird of the madrasah in the village of Sterlibashevo , where he received lessons from the famous Sufi poet Shamsetdin Zaki . Subsequently, Akmullah lived and worked in different places: he taught children, was engaged in various crafts, in particular, worked as a carpenter, and also became famous as a talented poet-improviser. Friendship with a Muslim religious leader Z. Kh. Rasulev played an important role in his formation as a thinker. Unable to live in one place, at 25 he went to travel. According to the X revision of 1859, Miftakhetdin still lived in his father's family at the age of 28 ^[7] .

Akmulla traveled to the south of Bashkortostan , and then to Zauralie . Miftakhetdin Akmulla, on his cart, in special compartments of which he kept books and manuscripts, carpentry and other tools, roamed the Bashkir villages of the upper Urals , Agideli , the Miass River Valley, as well as in the steppes of Kazakhstan , spreading humanistic ideas among people, including views Tatar enlighteners ^[4] . In spring and summer, moving from aul to aul, from yaylau to yaylau, in Sabantuy, he competed with famous sesens in the art of poetic improvisation, and also read his poems to the people.

Knowing firsthand the life of the common people, Miftakhetdin Akmulla himself was faced with oppression by the rich. According to the denunciation of the Kazakh bai, Batuch Isyangildin was convicted of evading military service in the tsarist army ^[12] and was imprisoned in Trinity Prison for four years (1867–1871). Having been imprisoned, Akmullah created many widely known works: “My place is in Zindan” ( “Mәҡamym mine мин - Zindan” ) and others.

Akmullah’s death was unexpected and tragic. On the night of December 14 (27), 1895, he was killed on the road from Troitsk to Zlatoust near the Miass factory near the Syrostan railway station. He was buried in the Muslim cemetery of Miass .

According to Bashkir scientists, Akmulla created most of his works in the Bashkir and Kazakh languages ^[13] , as well as in the Turkic language ^[13] . According to researchers of Old Tatar literature, the language of most Akmulla's works is mixed Kazakh-Tatar, since it combines the elements of two languages. There are also some elements of the Bashkir language. Separate verses are written in full accordance with the canons of the Old Tatar literary language. ^[14] . Before the October Revolution, his books were published in the Tatar language , with frequent inclusion of individual Bashkir and Kazakh words and phrases, idiomatic expressions and comparisons, not to mention ^{[ neutrality? ]} about traditional images from Bashkir and Kazakh folklore ^[13] .

Akmullah preached enlightening ideas, considered poetry as a means of direct communication with the people. Therefore, the language of his works is more accessible, contains relatively fewer Arabisms and Farsisms, characteristic of the literary language of that time. Akmullah wrote his poems for the most part in the classical form of ruby , but he also used other poetic forms.

Miftakhetdin’s work was permeated by the humanistic ideas of that time, and included advanced trends in the social life of Russia. In his work, he preached enlightening ideas, affirmed the human desire for light and progress. It deserved love and recognition among the population, and also had a beneficial effect on the development of literature of many Turkic-speaking peoples. His pseudonym Akmullah means "bright, righteous teacher."

In the poem “ Bashkirs we all need enlightenment !” Akmulla was one of the first to appeal to the Bashkir people with an appeal to acquire knowledge.

The views, ideals, philosophical ideas of Akmulla were born in the struggle against feudal backwardness, religious fanaticism and the manifestations of medieval scholasticism, against the oppression of the people in Bashkortostan and Kazakhstan . He saw the main way to make life easier for the common people in enlightenment, in the mastery of knowledge, in the eradication of ignorance. The central place in Akmullah's worldview was occupied by the question of the place of knowledge in the life of society. He adhered to the positions of idealism in understanding the laws of social development, believed that the social lack of rights of the people can be eliminated through education. This is reflected, for example, in the poem "Edification."

For Akmullah, the central place in the system of his values ​​was occupied by knowledge and upbringing, the inner purity of man, problems of moral and moral order.

Akmullah's creativity formed a whole poetic school. The impact of his work was noted by G. Tukai , M. Gafuri , S. Babich , D. Yulty , S. Aminev-Tamyani , Sayfi Kudash and others. Miftakhetdin Akmulla is widely known not only in Bashkortostan and the Russian Federation, but also in the CIS countries.

By now, far from all of the creative heritage of Miftakhetdin Akmullah has reached. In 1981, in connection with the anniversary of the poet, the Bashkir Book Publishing House published in Bashkir the one-volume works. This book, which is the most complete in comparison with previous collections of Akmullah, includes more than three thousand lines. However, many of the poet’s works are either not yet found, or possibly completely lost. The reason for this was that Akmulla kept most of his works in memory, as they were created for oral performance. Poems of the poet were distributed orally in manuscript form at auls and nomads. In 1892, the elegy "In Memory of Shihabutdin Mardzhani " was published as a separate book in Kazan . This small book was the first and last lifetime edition of the poet's works.

• “My place is in zindan”
• “ My Bashkirs, we must learn! " ^[15]
• "Elegy in memory of Shigabutdin Marjani"
• “Edification” (“Нәсихәттәр”)
• “Letter to the Father” (“Atayima hut”)
• In memory of Shigabutdin Marjani. Kazan, 1892 (in Tatar.)
• In memory of Shigabutdin Marjani and other verses. Kazan, 1907 (in Tatar.)
• Collection of poems. Alma-Ata, 1935 (in Kazakh)
• Akmullah. Poems. Ufa, Bashkignoizdat, 1981, 223 pp. (on baz.yaz.)
• They say ...
• Spring
• Here is the word of Akmullah

• In the years 1911-1916. a satirical magazine for Muslims, Akmullah, is released.
• In the poet’s homeland - in the village of Tuxanbaevo in the Miyakinsky district in 1981, the Miftakhetdin Akmulla Museum was created.
• In 1980, the Akmullah Prize for works of literature and art was established. (Prize winners: R. Shakur (1989), A. Vildanov (1990), R. Sultangareeva (1993), R. Sakhautdinova (1994), G. Shafikov (1995) and others).
• The name of the poet is Bashkir State Pedagogical University
• On October 8, 2008, a monument to Miftakhetdin Akmulla was unveiled in Ufa in the square of the same name on the site in front of the Pedagogical University on October Revolution Street ^[16] .
• In honor of the poet, the municipal newspaper of the Miyakinsky district was named “Aҡmulla tөyәge” (Bashk. “The native land of Akmulla”).
• The weekly literary and humorous supplement “Akmulla” to the republican newspaper “Bashkortostan” is published .

In honor of the poet named street in the city of Almetyevsk.

• Vildanov A. Kh. , Kunafin G. S. Bashkir enlightened democrats of the 19th century M., 1981.
• Shakurov R.Z. Star of poetry. Ufa, 1981.
• Vildanov Ә. H. Aҡmullah - yaҡtylyҡ yyrsy. Өfө, 1981.
• Bashort әҙәbiәte tarikhi, 6 tomda. 2nd volume. Өfө, 1990.

digitized works in the Akhmet-Zaki Validi National Library of the Republic of Bashkortostan

• in Bashkir language

other sources

• Shakurov R.Z. Akmulla // Bashkir Encyclopedia / Chap. M.A. Ilgamov. - Ufa: GAUN “ Bashkir Encyclopedia ”, 2015—2019. - ISBN 978-5-88185-306-8 .
• Kunafin G.S. Svetoch of Bashkir poetry and enlightening thought // Vatandash : journal. - 2006. - No. 7 . - S. 116-129 . - ISSN 1683-3554 . (Russian)
• Miftakhetdin Akmulla - life and work
• Pedigree of Akmulla
• "In the homeland of Akmullah" (educational film)
• Person in Bashkir history: Miftakhetdin Akmulla on YouTube
• Bashkir enlightenment and its features on YouTube